
Class _Ll^^A_ 

Book >bSl 

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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



HISTORY 



ALABAMA 



FOK USE IN 



SCHOOLS 
AND FOR GENERAL READING 



John AV. Beverly 

\l 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
1901 



THE LIBRARY OF 

CONGRESS, 
Two CoKita Received 

SEP. 28 1901 

JSOPVHIQMT ENTRY 

CLASS CKj xXc N(». 

n-51% 

COPY 0. 



Copyrighted 1901 

BY 

JOHN W. BEVERLY 



-fy- 






s1 



PRESS OF ALABAMA PTG CO., MONTGOMERY. 



PREFACE. 



Knowledge precedes patriotism. Down to the present 
time there has been but little study of tlie history of this 
splendid State of ours, either in the schools or by the fire- 
side. That Alabama is one of the greatest states in the 
Union in natural resources; that she has produced some 
of the ablest men in the nation; and that she has bound- 
less possibilities, are facts but little known. In proportion 
as an individual, as well as a nation becomes familiar with 
the facts in any case, just in that proportion is engendered 
a love for the object of which the knowledge is acqui -ed. 
Knowledge is the mother of devotion. There can be no 
lasting attachment until the traditiims, the laws, and the 
sentiments, and all that make a State, have become 
household words. 

To be true, you must first know the truth. 

Owing, therefore, to the fact that so little is known, 
generally, of the State's history, the presentation of the 
subject in the form of questions and answers, in large 
part, is undertaken in this volume. This method has 
some strong arguments in its favor — the catechising of one 
another by children, and a sure and ready method by 
which teachers may acquire a foundation of the cardinal 
points in the subject. 

The treatise is not a question book in the ordinary form; 
but a history of the State topically arranged. The work 
comprises history proper and geography, and a 
short chapter on the ISTegroes of Alabama. A separate 
chapter is devoted to DeSoto, because of the importance 
of his expedition through Alabama. The Creek Indian 
War is made a separate chapter, to the end that it would 
appear in clearer light. The Governors' administrations 



IV 

form each a chapter. The scheme of the counties is a special 
feature. By this scheme, childreu, ami also adults, will learn 
the counties more easilj' and certainly than by any other 
method yet produced. Another special feature is, the 
scheme to learu the Governors, This rhyme will enable 
persons to recall the Governors in their order, as well as 
some chief point of history at the time of their administra- 
tion. 

The geography is grouped ynder the head of the 
counties, giving the main features of each county. 

In the preparation of this work, gratitude is hereby 
extended to General W. C. Gates, for valuable assistance; 
Thomas ^l. Owen, Esq., Director of the Department of 
Archives and History- of Alabama, for general and indis- 
pensible service through the entire preparation; Prof. G. 
W. Brock, member State Board of Examinei's for teachers, 
for vabiable suggestions; Mr. Junius Kiggs, Supreme 
Court Librarian, for the use of books and suggestions; Col. 
W. B. Jones, of Montgomer\', for suggestions; Col. John 
W. DuBose, author of the ''Life of Yancey", for critical 
readings; Hon. Robert Barber, for corrections. 

The following works have been fre(|uently consulted: 
Brewer's ^-l/akn^fl; Owen's edition of Pickett's llistori) of 
Alabama; Brewer's Hand Book of Alabama; Alabama A.h 
It is; I^rown's Ifislor;/ of Alabama, and some minor au- 
thorities not necessary to mention. 

Also should be mentioned as consulted, Journals and 
Acts of the Legislature. The .Montgomery Advertiser, Mil 
ler's Jlistori/ of Alabama, and the llcpoilof the Ilislory Com- 
misnion . 

The list of oflicers of the State is merely added as an 
appendix, and not as the work of the author of this 
volume. 

J. W. Hkvkhi.v, 
State Normal School, 
Montgomery, Ala. 

September 1«>, 1001. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
Preface 

PAET I. HISTORY. 
Cbap. 

I. DeSoto iu Alabama 1 

II. The Indiaus of Alabama 4 

III. The French iu Alabama 11 

IV': Spanish and English iu Alabama . 15 

V. Mississippi Territary : 20 

VI. Alabama as a Territory. 25 

VII. Creek Indian War.^^ 29 

VIII. Administrations, of Governors William \V. Jiibb 

and Thomas Bibb 1 39 

IX. Administration of Governor Pickens 43 

X. Administration of Governor Murphy __.46 

XI. Aministrations of Governors Gabriel and Samuel B. 

Moore J 48 

XII. Administration of Governor Gayle 50 

XIII. Administration of Governors Clay and McVay,_ 53 

XIV. Administration of Governor Bagby a 56 

XV. Administration of Governor Fitzpatrick ._ 59 

XVI. Administration of Governor .Marthi . 62 

XVII. Administration of Governor Chapman ...64 

XVIII. Administration of Governor Collier ... 67 

XIX. Administration of Governor Winston 70 

XX. Admijiistration of Governor Andrew B. Moure 73 

XXI. Administration of Governor Shorter 76 

XXII. Administration of Governor Watts __ 80 

XXIII. Administrations of Governors Parsons and Patlou 83 

XXIV. AdministratiiMi of Governor Smith 87 

XXV. Administration of Governor Lindsay 90 

XXVI. Administration of Governor Lewis 92 

XXVII. Administration of Governor Houston 95 

XXVIII. Administration of Governor Cobb 99 

XXIX. Administration of Governor O'Neal 102 

XXX. Administration of Governor Seay 106 

XXXI. Administration of Governor Jouts ..Hi 



VI 



XXXII. Adininistiatioii of Governor (^ates 116 

XXXIII. Adiuiuistratioii of Governor Johiisloii .. 119 

XXXIV. Administratious of Governor.s Saiuford and Jeik.s 122 

XXXV. Battles between the Confederates and the Federals 124 
Intercalary Chapter. List of the Governors and scheme to 

learn tlie (iovernors 132 

PAirr II. GEOGRAPHY. 

I. General Information and Statistics 135 

II. The Uiver System of Alabama 149 

III. Cereal Belt— the Tennessee Valley .. 153 

IV. The Mineral Belt ...160 

V. The Cotton, or Black Belt 176 

VI. The Timljer lielt 187 

PART III. THE NEGRO IN ALABAMA. 

I. The Negro as a slave before 1819 196 

II. The Negro as a slave in Alabama :is a S'.art' . _ .19^ 
HI. The Negro as a Citizen .202 



/ 



PART I. 

HISTORY 



CHAPTER I. 



DeSoto in Alabama. 

When ami by what white man was Alabama discov ered ? 

Alabama was discovered by DeSoto in 1540. 

Who was DeSoto ? 

DeSoto was a Spanish cavalier. 

What part of Alabama did he enter ? 

T5y way of Cherokee County. 

How many men did DeSoto have with him ? 

He left Spain with six hundred men, but increased his 
force, at Cuba, to one thousand picked men, before he 
entered Alabama. 

Whence did DeSoto enter Alabama "I 

He came from northern Georgia. 

What was the nature of their equipment f 

They had helmets, breastplates, shields, coats of mail, 
hmces, swords, guns, crossbows, and a piece of aitillery. 
They had, also, cattle, swine, and mules. There were 
priests and monks there. 

When did DeSoto enter Alabama ? 

July 2, 1540. 

Name the first Indian town entered ! 

Costa. 

What was the next Indian town to which lie came an<l 
halted ? 

From Costa, DeSoto came next to Coosa, within the pies- 
ent limits of the county of Talladega. 

How long did DeSoto renniin at Coosa ? 

He remained liej'e 25 davs. 



2 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

At w'luit well kuowii town did they next arrive? 

TullaMJsee, on the Tallapoosa. 

How loiij; did they tarry here ? 

De^^oto and his force remained at Talla.ssee 20 days. 

While at Tallassee what important invitation was 
received by DeSoto ? 

An invitation from Tuscaloosa, the Indian chief, to visit 
him. 

Who \h>\-v the message'? 

The son of Tuscaloosa, sayinjj that his father, about 80 
miles below, awaited the comino- of DeSoto. 

Where did DeSoto and Tuscaloosa meet? 

It is snpposed that they met somewhere below Line 
Creek, in ]\Iont*;omery County. 

How louo- was DeSoto on the way to Tuscaloosa's capital, 
and in what direction did he travel ? 

DeSoto was two days on the way, anil traveled in a south- 
west direction till he came to the capital of the IMobilians, 
of whom Tuscaloosa was chief. 

Throuj-h what counties did DeSoto pass, on the way to 
Tuscaloosa's capital l 

Through Mimtji'omery, Lowndes, and southeast Dallas. 

What was the name of the next town to which they 
came ? 

An Indian towu, called Piache, probably in upper Wilcox. 

Where was Tuscaloosa in the meantime ? 

Tuscaloosa had accompanied DeSoto all the way from 
the place where they met below Line Creek; ami he con- 
tinued to accompany DeSoto till the i)arty arrived at 
Mauvila, the capital of the tribe of which Tuscaloosa wavS 
chief. 

What hai)i)ened w hen the party entered Mauvila ? 

The chiel" deserted DeSoto and his men, went iuto one of 
the Indian houses, and a battle ensued between DeSoto 
and the Indians. 

When did the battle l)c,uin .' 

On the morninj; of October 18, 1840, soon after DeSoto 
and his advance .uuard had entered the city. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 3 

How long did the battle last ? 

About 9 hoitrs. 

How many houses did Mauvila contain ! 

About 80. 

How many inmates could each contain ? 

About 1,000. 

What was the result of the battle ! 

The Spaniards lost about 20 killed, 150 wounded; the 
Indians lost about 2,500, killed. Night closed upon the 
city in ruins, it having been burned. 

What became of Tuscaloosa ? 

Some say he perished in the flames; others, that he 
escaped. 

Where was Mauvila ? 

Probably at Choctaw Bluff, in Clarke County, 25 miles 
above confluence of the Alabama and the Tombigbee. 

In what direction did DeSoto move from tlie battle of 
Mauvila ? 

Northward. 

Where were DeSoto's ships, at this time °? 

Probably in Pensacola Bay. 

Why did DeSoto go northward rather than to Pensacola 
Bay to rejoin his fleet ? 

Because he heard that his men at Pensacola had planned 
to go into mutiny. 

About what time was it when DeSoto began his march 
northward ? 

About the middle of November. 

Through what part of Alabama did he travel noith- 
ward f 

The counties of (^larke, Marengo, and Greene. 

To what Indian town did he come in this region ? 

A town, called Cabusto, near the. town of Eiie, on Black 
Warrior River. 

What hai)pened at Cabusto ? 

A V)attle between the inhabitants and DeSoto, ;ui<l tlici) 
the explorer passed into Mississippi. 



HIS'l'OKV OF A LAB A:\rA, 



CHAPTER II. 



The Indians of Alabama. 



Name and locate the chiet' Indian tribes tliat iiilial)ite(l 
Alabama '? 

The Cherokeeis, the Chiekasaws, the Choctaw s, and the 
Creeks. There was also another smaller tril)e, theTensaws. 

The Cherokees. — What portion of the State did tlie Cher- 
okees inhabit ' 

The Cherokees inhal)itetl the north-eastern coriiei' of Al- 
abama. 

Whei'e did DeSoto encounter them ? 

DeSoto encountered them on the upper waters of the 
Coosa and feavsted with them in their capital, calle«l 
(Mieaha. 

What was the status of the ci\ ili/ation of the Clierokee.s 
as «'ompared with other tribes? 

The Cherokees were the most civili/ed of all the tribes, 
and they had written laws befoie leaving- Alabanni. They 
had a delegate in the Confederate Congress. 

Mention some of their customs f ^ 

The Cherokees had a custom of slitting and stretching 
their ears; they shaved off" all the hair of their heads, 
except a small patch at the back. 

What of theii- appearance? 

Their hands and feet were small. 

Name some amusements that occupied the Chei-okees f 

They weie fond of dancing and ball i)laying. 

Describe their burial rites? 

When it was apparent a sick man <'ould not recover, 
they prepared his grave, anuointed his hair and painted his 
face; and when he died they buried his body immediately. 
His guns. boMs an<l other utensils w«'re buii«Ml with him. 



HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 5 

The Chickasaws. — What portion of the State did the 
l^hickasaws iuhabit? 

The Chickasaws inhabited the north -western portion of 
the State- -the head waters of the Tonibigbee and also of 
the Yazoo. Their territory inehided the greater part of 
the Tennessee Valley, and the first tier of north-western 
counties. 

How did they compare with the other tribes of Alabama ? 

The Chickasaws were the most courageous of all the orig- 
inal tribes of Alabama. 

What particular family was the most noted among the 
I'hickasaws ? 

The Colbert family, a half-breed family, which obtained 
iiscendency early in the 19th century, and still main 
tains it. 

What of the Chickasaws as warriors ! 

They were the best fighters of all the tribes. 

Where did the Chickasaws originate ? 

They came to this State from Mississippi. 

To what family did the Chickasaws belong! 

The Chickasaws belonged to the Muscogee family. 

What was the lx»nd that made the Muscogee family ? 

All the tribes of Alabama, except the Cherokees, had a 
i^imilar language. This similarity in language and dialect 
make up one people — called the Muscogee family. 

On what territory did the Chickasaws wage war f 

From the Ohio to Mobile Bay. 

In what else besides lighting did the Chickasaws excel "? 

They excelled also in the chase. The warriors were not 
fond of agriculture. This was left to the women. 

Whom did the Chickasaws resemble and in what respect ? 

They resembled the Choctaws both in language and cus- 
tom. The Choctaws and Chickasaws together constituted 
the western half of the Muscogee family. 

The Choctaws. — Where did the Choctaws live? 
The Choctaws inhabited the western and south western 
portions of Alabama and a portion of Mississippi . 



(»' HIST( ) R V OF A LA RA Sf A , 

What is the pr<)hal)le meaniiiii' of the \V()r<l cfiocfairf 

It i>r<>l)ably nieixns flat. 

To what i.s the name dne? 

From their flatteuin«: the heads of tlieii- male infants. 

What of their complexion 'i 

They were darker than the Creeks. It is said they were 
not fond of water and could not swim. The Choctaws were 
tillers of the soil; tlie Creeks 'warriors. The Choctaws 
wonld defend their territory, Imt were not in the habit of 
making: foreign wars. The men heli)ed the women to work. 

In what did the Choctaws excel I 

They excelled in oratory. 

What were some of their characteristics ? 

They were hospitable, cheeiful, M-itty, and cunning-. 

Wliat were some of their chief fanlts? 

Gambling", intemperance, and begging. 

Name some of their sjMjrts ? 

Ball-playing and a game called chunke. '^ 

Mention some of their funeral rites ? 

Like other Indians, they collected and cleaned the bones 
of the dead. They liad great faith in the medicine men; 
and wlicn a i)atient was incuiable, they usually stiangled 
iiim at once. 

The Creeks. — Wheie did the Creeks live ? 

The Creeks inhabited central and eavStern Alabama. 
When rtrst known, the Muscogees, of whom the Creeks 
were a branch, inhal)ited the domain extending from the 
Tombigbee to the Pacific. 

Mow did the Creeks compare in piowess with the other 
tribes? 

They were the nutst poweilMJ ot all the tribestliat inhab- 
ited Alabama. 

Why did the Creeks li\e mostly in towns! 

Because they were a warring people and liM-d in towns 
for protection. 

Where were their i)rincipal towns.' 

Their princi])al to\\ns weie on the Coosa, the Tallapoosa, 
and l-'lint rivers. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 7 

'On wliat territory did they make war "l 

They made war all the way down to Mobile Bay aud to 
Florida. 

By whom and for what reason was this tribe of Indians 
called Creeks "? 

They were called Creeks by the English because of the 
many rivers in their territory. 

What was the character of the men ! 

The Creek men were indolent. The men hunted and 
fished and left the work of agriculture to the women. 

What sports occupied the Creeks ! 

Ball-playing und chunke. 

Where did the Creeks originate ? 

They came, originally, from Mexico, 

The Tensaws. — Where did the Tensaw^s live? 

The Tensaws lived on the banks of the Tensaw Eiver 
and abont Mobile Bay. 

Where did the Tensaws originate 1 

They came from the present county of Tensas, in Louis- 
iana. 

ALLIED TEIBES. 

The Alabamas. — To what confederation did the Alabamas 
belong ? 

The Alabamas belonged to the Creek confederation; and 
this is why the Alabamas is not laid down as one of the 
principal classes. 

What territory did the Alabamas inhabit "? 

The Alabamas inhabited the territory beginning near 
the junction of the Coosa and the Tallaj)Oosa, extending 
-down about forty miles. 

Name some of their towns i 

Cosawda, Autauga. 

Where did the Alabamas originate ? 

They came to this State from the banks of the Yazoo and 
Mississippi rivers. 



K ifisroin' oi' Ar.AHA.NfA. 

What tiibo haiassed the Alahainas. and liiiall^ i(»ii(e<f 
theiu Irom their teiritoiT f 

The Creeks routed thetn and settled i4><)n llieir tenitorv. 

Wliere did the Alal)anias ^o when the Creeks r()ute<l 
them ' 

They lied lor refuiie an)<)n<i- the Clioctaws and »»tlier 
tribes. 

Were the ('reeks and AlalvauKts ever reconciled f 

Yes; throujjh the intervention «)t' Bienville, the French 
Govenior, at Mobile, in 170L>. 

How did the treaty affect the Alabanias ? 

The Alabanias became a part of the Ci-eek confederacy. 

All the tribes mentioned here belonji;e<l tothe Creek con- 
federacy unless otherwise stated. 

Where did the Tallassees live * 

Tlie Tallassee-i lived upon the Tallajjoosa and its tribu- 
taries. 

Where did the T<M>kabat('hi come from ? 

P'rom the Ohio countiy. 

What alliance did they make f 

Became a part of the (Yeek nation. 

What town did the Tookabatchi build .' 

A town near ruins western Tallassee. 

What name did they give their town * 

Their own name — Tookabatclii. 

What expedition halted at Tallasscc pii«>r to the cominii 
of the Tookabatchi ? 

I)e>>oto's expedition. 

What of interest did the Tooi<al»at('hi lnini: iVoni the 
( )hio countiy .' 

< 'urious brass plates. 

For what weie these brass plates used ? 

.\t jiieen corn celebrations, once a year. 

Where did the Tuskejices li\e .' 

In Fast Alaiiania. in the fork of("oosa and 'I'allapoosa 
I' i vers. 

What town did the Tnskejices bnihl .' 

'rnskciice. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 9 

Where? 

Ou East bank of the Coosa. 

Later, what fort was built ou site of Tuskegee ? 

The Fi-euch Fort, Toulouse. 

Later still, what fort was built there ? 

Fort Jackson, by the Americans 100 years later. 

What small tribes lived about Mobile Bay and Eiver f 

The Chatots, Thomez and Tensaws. The Chatots were 
friends of the French and embraced Catholic religion. 

What finally became of these tribes ! 

They were finally merged into the larger tribes of Chick - 
asaws and Choctaws. 

Where did the Natchez tribe originate ? 

From south-western Mexico. 

Where did they settle later ! 

On the bauks of the Mississippi, chiefiy at modern 
Natchez. 

For what was this tribe noted 1 

Its despotism and haughtiness. 

How did the Natchez come to Alabama ! 

Some of them fied from destruction of war and joined 
the Chickasaws and the Creeks. 

INDIAN CHIEFS. 

Pushmataha was born in Mississippi in 1765. He 
belonged to the Choctaw tribe. He was admirable in char- 
acter, intelligent, brave, and eloquent. He was "a friend 
tothe white man." He died in Washington, D. C, Decem- 
ber 24, 1824, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery. 

Big Warrior was a native Alabamian. He was a man 
of prudence, and shrewdness. He was a friend of the 
whites and sided with them in the war of 1813. He died 
in Washington, D. C, while on business as a delegate, 1825. 

Tecumseh was one of the most remarkable characters 
among the North American Indians. He was an orator, 



10 HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 

and a warrior. He le<l the forces in the Xorth, after leav- 
ing; Mississipi)i Territory. He was defeated and slain in 
battle in Canada, October r>, 1813. 

Osceola was a famous Seminole Chief. He was born in 
Macon county. He was blood thirsty, brave and relent- 
less in his hostility towards the whites. He made the 
Ev^erglades of Florida the last stronghold of his race, east of 
the Mississippi. Hewasdecoyed into the American camps, 
by promises of amnesty, and died in chains, at Fort Moul- 
trie. He was a son of an Englishman and a mixed-breed 
grand daughter of James McQueen, a Scotchman. 

Alexander McGillivray Mas born near Wetumpka in 174(5. 
His mother was Sehoy, an Indian princess, and daughter 
of a French oflficer, Capt. Marchand, who was killed at 
Fort Toulouse while in command in 1722. Sehoy was mar- 
ried to McGillivray, a Scotch trader. The son was edu- 
cated in Charleston, at seventeen; and returned to his 
native forests. His descent, wealth, and mental powers 
at once placed him at the head of the Muscogee, or Creek 
Nation. 

Peter McQueen, "High-Head Jim," and David Francis, a 
^'prophet,'' were leaders of the hostile forces against the 
whites in the Creek War, the beginning of which was the 
skirmish at Burnt Corn. 

Tuscaloosa was chief of the Mobilians, better known as 
C'hoctaws. The story of the meeting with DeSoto and the 
consequence of the same has been told under the head of 
DeSoto in Alabama. 

The Colberts were half-breed Chickasaws. Fi-om this 
family Coll)ert county gets its name. George Colbert 
owned a ferry in Colbert county and lived there, and Levi, 
his brother, also lived in Colbert county. 

William Weatherford, the "Red Eagle," was the son of 
Charles Weatherford, a Georgian^ and Sehoy, a half sister 
of Alexander McGillivray. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 11 



CHAPTEE III. 



The French in Alabama. 



By what general Dame did the French call all their pos- 
sessions in North America? 

Louisiana. 

What did Louisiana embrace? 

All the land from the source of the Mississippi to its 
mouth . 

Who was LaSalle? 

A French explorer. 

Whence did LaSalle come into Alabama territory? 

From the region of the Great Lakes, down the Mississippi. 

Who claimed this region for Fi-ance ? 

LaSalle, in 1682. 

Who was Bienville ? 

French Governor of Louisiana. He was a native of 
Canada, and was the third French Governor of Louisiana. 

What forts did he build? 

In 1764, Bienville built Fort Toulouse, between Coosa 
and Tallapoosa rivers, about foiu' miles from their junction, 
long known afterwards as Fort Jackson. He also built 
Fort Tombecbee; afterwards Fort Confederation, on the 
Tombigbee, near Epes Station, in Sumter county. 

What other fort was built by the French ? 

Fort Conde, afterwards known as Fort Charlotte, within 
the pi^^sent limits of the city of Mobile. 

When did France give up her territory east of the Mis- 
sissippi ? 

By treaty of Paris, in 1763, France ceded to England all 
her territory east of the Mississippi, except the island of 
Orleans. By treaty of Paris, Spain ceded to Great Britain 
all her claims to Florida. 



12 HIS'IX)RY OF ALABAMA. 

AVliat (lidSpaiii receive in exohauge for F'lorida ? 

The city of Havaua, Cuba, which had been seized by 
the English durinj:; the war. 

What were sonje of the terms of peace? 

The Flench commandant, at Mobile, delivered Fort 
Conde to Major Kobert Farmer, of the English army. 
Foi't Tombccbee was delivered to Captain Thomas Ford. 
Chevalier Lavnoue, commanding Fort Toulouse, not being 
relieved, gave up the Fort and threw the guns into the 
Coosa. By the foregoing acts the Alabama territory passed 
into the hands of the English, By a secret treaty France 
ceded to Spain all her remaining territory in Korth 
America. 

What was the meaning of West Florida? 

West Florida embraced a large part of Mississippi and 
AlaVtama. 

How far north did West Florida extend? 

West Florida extended as far north as parallel 32° 28', 
extending from mouth of the Yazoo, on the Mississippi, 
east to the Chattahoochee river. 

Where is the line that marks parallel 32° 28' north lati- 
tude? 

Between the city of Montgomery and the town of 
AVetumpka. All Alabama south of that line was in British 
West Florida, and all north of that line was in British 
Province of Illinois. 

When did the Spanish get control of West Florida? 

West Floiida i^assed under Spanish control at the time 
of the Eevolution. 

CONTKACT WITH CKOZAT. » 

Give an account of Louisiana Province ? 

From the time of acquisition, down to September 14th, 
1712, the French possessions in America had been a burden 
rather than a source of revenue to France. Because of this 
fact, the King of France desired to let the Province of 
Louisiana out to some one. He found Antoine Crozat, a 
wealthy merchant, who entered into contract with him. 



History of Alabama. 15 

What were the provisions of the contract withCrozat! 

By contract, signed September 14th, 1712, the King gave 
Crozat the commerce of Louisiana for fifteen years, Crozat 
was to make certain improvements, and to become owner 
of improved lands, to render certain part of the product of 
mines to the King, reserving rest for himself. The laws 
and customs of Paris were to prevail in the Province. 

When did Crozat's agents arrive, and how many souls 
in the Province at the time f 

Crozat's agents arrived in May, 1713, and the total popu- 
lation, including soldiers, was about six thousand. There 
was a new Governor, Cadillac, Bienville becoming second 
in command. 

LAW A^D HIS COMPANY. 

After the expiration of the contract with Crozat, who 
had possession of the Province of Louisiana ? 

In September, 1717, the Province was turned over to a 
company called the Company of the West. 

Who was the leading man in this company? 

John Law, a Scotchman, who had led a wandering life, 
and one of adventure. 

On what was Law's fame based ? 

His fame was based on a scheme for the issue of paper 
money based on various sorts of securities. He founded a 
bank at Paris, which was, for a time, prosperous. Law's 
apparent success set the people in Paris wild with specula- 
tion. Ship load after ship load of emigrants were sent to 
Mobile. 

Who became Governor now instead of Cadillac f 

Bienville, who had been second in command, now 
became Governor. Under Bienville the Capital was estab- 
lished at New Beloxi, in 1720, but Mobile was still chief 
settlement. By this time slavery was firmly established. 

When did the war break out between France and Spain ? 

In the beginning of 1719, war broke out between France 
and Spain, and the quarrel of the mother countries was 
taken up by the colonists in America. 



14 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

What was the result ? 

The French were the victors. Pensacola, which belonged 
to Spain, was taken by Frauce, and, in 1720, was restored 
to Spain, when the war ended. The English caused the 
Chickasaws to become hostile to the French. The Choc- 
taws were good friends to the French. But Law's com- 
pany of the West was brief and had absorbed a similar 
company of the East. In 1719, the name was changed to 
the Comi)any of the Indies. In 1720, Law became Comp- 
troller-General of France, and the company swallowed up 
the Eoyal Bank of Fiance. The end came. Shareholders 
became suspicious. Law tied from Paris. The company's 
affairs were turned over to a council of regency. The 
crash came. The number of souls in the colony, including 
Negroes, was about six thousand. This threw the colony 
in great distress. The Garrisous at Mobile and Beloxi 
were compelled to seek food among the Indians. The 
colony was at last submitted to three commissioners. 
Bienville had planned to make New Orleans the capital; so 
in 1723, the capital was removed to that place. Mobile con- 
tinued to be the meeting place of Indian Annual Congress, 
friendly to the French. The next year Bienville was called 
to France to answer charges. Bienville issued a code 
known as the Black Code, the piovisions of which were, 
the Jews were all banished from the colony, colonists were 
to accept Roman Catholic faith, whites were not to inter- 
marry with Negroes. When Bienville arrived in France, 
he plead his cause to no purpose ; he was removed from 
office, after twenty -five years of service in the New World. 
After a short temporary command under another, the 
Province of Louisiana was put un<ler Governor Periere. 
(The events that follow under Periere do not affect our 
history.) 

In the beginning of the year 1731 the company was 
asked to surrender its charter, and the Colony of Louisiana 
passed under the control of the Crown, 1732. In 1733, 
Bienville again became Governor. 



History of Alabama, 35 



CHAPTER IV. 



Spanish and English in Alabama. 



By what general name did the Spanish call their posses- 
sions in !North America ! 

Florida. 

At the time of the Revohitionj who was Governor of the 
Spanish possessions? 

Galvez. 

What conquests did Gah'ez make! 

In 1780, March 14, Galvez captured Fort Charlotte, at 
Mobile. The whole of West Florida was surrendered to 
Spain. 

What promotion did Galvez receive? 

He was made Captain-General of Louisiana and Florida. 

When were the conquests of Galvez in Florida confirmed? 

After treaty of Paris had recognized independence of 
the United States. 

How was the dispute over boundary settled ? 

The dispute was settled by settling upon 31st parallel 
north as the boundary between Florida and the United 
States, extending from Mississippi, on the west, to the 
Chattahoochee on the east. 

What was the attitude of British West Florida during 
the Revolutionary War? 

The inhabitants of British West Florida were not in sym- 
pathy with the thirteen original colonies in tueir struggles 
for freedom from Great Britain. 

What kind office did Spain offer? 

Spain offered herself as mediator between the colonies 
and Great Britain, but her offer was rejected. 

What was the result of refusal to accept Spain as medi- 
ator? 

In 1779, Spain declared war against England. 



16 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Who was Spanish Governor of Louisiana at this time! 

Galvez, as before said. 

What portion of the present State of Alabama continued 
under Spanish rule, even after settlement, 1795, upon 31st 
parallel north, as boundary between the United States and 
Florida? 

The ' 'Mobile District," the territory between the Pearl 
and Perdido rivers. 

What event finally settled the right of supremacy of, 
and possession to, the soil of Alabama? 

The French-Indian War, 1755-1763. "It was no mere 
question of succession to distant thrones that was this time 
to wet the soil of America Mith the ])lood of her colonists." 

For what, then, was the struggle? 

For land. 

Where did the war break out f 

At the gateway to the Ohio Valley, Duquesue, which 
was held by the French. 

When did the English come into possession of Alabama? 

By treaty of Paris, in 1763, France formally ceded to 
England all her territory east of the Mississippi, except 
New Orleans and adjaceent district known as the island of 
Orleans. 

THE ENGLISH. 

The middle of the eighteenth century saw the end of the 
struggle between France an<l England in North America. 
It is known that the colonies of these two countries took 
up the quarrel in America. The chief seat of the French 
wa.s in Canada, and in that region most of the battles of 
the French and Indian War, as it was called, were fought. 
In 1763 the final treaty of peace, known as the Treaty of 
Paris, was signed by Great Britain, France, Spain, and 
Portugal. France ceded to Great Britain all her posses- 
sions in North America, east of the Mississippi, except 
New Orleans and the adjacent district. Spain had come 
to the assistance of France in 1762. Havana, Cul)a, had 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 17 

beeu taken by the British. Spain ceded to Great Britain 
the whole of Florida and Pensacola, and Great Britain 
restored Havana to Spain. 

By a secret treaty made in 1762, France ceded to Spain 
the remainder of her possessions in N'orth America, which 
remainder was only New Orleans and lands west of the 
Mississippi. It will thus be seen that all the land east of 
the Mississippi, except New Orleans, belonged to England 
by this time. The English, having displaced all other 
nations in the eastern part of North America, had, after 
all, to contend with her own colonists. Alexander McGil- 
livray was employed by the English, and given the rank 
and pay of a Colonel, to aid the English in conciliating 
the Creeks. In 1784 McGillivray formed a compact with 
the Spaniards to give them the control of the commerce 
with his people. He agreed to deliver up all white men 
opposed to the Spanish influence among the Creeks. For 
this he was made a Spanish Commissary, with rank and 
pay of a Colonel. 

McGillivray led his people to reject a treaty made, of 
territory, to Georgia in 1783, causing bloodshed when the 
Georgians attempted to settle the cession. In 1785, Con- 
tinental Congress sent commissioners to treat with the 
Creeks, and through McGillivray the matter miscarried, 
as well as other attempts later. It should be borne in 
mi'nd that Alabama territory formed a part of Georgia. 
In 1732, Oglethorpe received a grant of territory. This 
grant was what is now the State of Georgia and part of 
Alabama. In 1785 Georgia established the county of 
Houston, embracing what is now the counties of Madison, 
Lauderdale, Limestone and Jackson, in Alabama. A set- 
tlement was established in the northwestern corner of the 
State, but in a short time the colonists were drwen off by 
the Indians. In 1788, the Continental Congress appointed 
another agent in the South. McGillivray continued his 
opposition until the Georgians were removed from the 
Oconee lands. In 1789, President Washington found the 



18 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

same nnsettleil couditious. He sent a commission to treat 
with Mt'Gilliviay. The commissiou read a treaty, ou the 
Oconee, but to no purpose, for after council McGillivi aj' 
and his chiefs decided that the terms were not satisfactory. 
Tn 1790, Washington sent Colonel Willet to invite McGil- 
livray to come to Xew York, tliat city being the National 
Capital at that time. After conference with the Creeks, it 
was decided that McGillivray should go to New York city. 
At New York, August 7, 1790,. a treaty was signed by 
General Knox, Secretary of War, and McGillivray and 
twenty-three chiefs and warriors. This treaty declared a 
perpetual peace, and placed the Creeks under the protec- 
tion of the United States. The Creeks were to receive 
fifteen hundred dollars annually, and to have certain lands. 
Thus was the treat> for the Oconee cession. 

There was also a secret treaty, by which several of the 
chiefs weie to receive annual pensions and medals. McGil- 
livray was made an agent, with rank of Brigadier-General 
and a salary of twelve hundred dollars per annum. He 
now repairs to his home at the Hickory Ground. When 
the boundary line of the treaty was to be run, again he 
becomes an obstacle. W^hile the Commissioner was waiting 
on the Oconee for McGillivray, he, McGilliviay, was in 
New Orleans treating with the Spaniards. IMcGillivray 
returned to the Coosa and was made Superintendent of the 
Creek Nation in behalf of Spain, with a salary of thirty- 
five hundred dollars, and he was still in the pay of the 
United States, also. He died February 17, 1798. 

Although McGillivray was dead, yet there was still 
much confusion about land giants. South Carolina claimed 
a "twelve mile strip," which now forms the northern part 
of Alabanra and Mississippi. Tn 1787, South Carolina 
ceded this strip to the United States. Georgia, as we 
have already stated, laid claim to the territory of Alabama. 
In 1789, Gectrgia sold three and one-half million acres, 
covering the northern part of Alal)ama, to the "Tennessee 
Company." This sale to the "Tennessee Company" and 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 19 

some others in Mississippi, to other conipauies, was known 
as the first Yazoo sale. President Washington issned a 
proclamation against these sales. The ''Tennessee Com- 
pany" attempted a settlement at Muscle Shoals, but were 
driven away by the Indians. On failure of the Company 
to pay, Georgia declared the contract void. 

In the winter of 1794-5 the Legislature of Georgia passed 
another "Yazoo" bill. To the ''Georgia Company," for 
.$250,000, the following lauds were conveyed, in the 
present State of Alabama: the counties of Clarke, Greene, 
Marengo, Perry, Autauga, Bibb, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, 
Pickens, Fayette, Jefferson, St. Clair, and portions of eight 
others, together with some lands in Mississippi. Georgia 
also conveyed to the "Georgia-Mississippi Company," for 
the sum of $250,000, lands in what is now pai'ts of the 
counties of "Washington, Sumter, and Greene, in Alabama, 
together with some lands in Mississippi. To the "Tea- 
nessee Company," for $60,000, well nigh all northern Ala- 
bama. Growing out of these sales, there was a political 
war cry, "Yazoo Fraud." The next Legislature, com- 
posed of new material, declared the sale null and void. 

These transactions under this head, English, were 
mainly in British Province of Illinois, which Province 
included in its domain all of Alabama north of 32° 28'. 
South of this latitude was all South Alabama ; and this 
portion of the State was embraced in West Florida. At 
this time, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana was in com- 
mand of Spanish garrisons at Pensacola, at Fort Charlotte, 
at Fort Tombecbee, and at Fort St. Stephens. 



20 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 



CHAPTER V. 



Mississippi Territory. 



What did Mississippi Territory iuehide? 

All the territory from Mississippi river ou the west to 
Chattahoochee ou east, and between 81° and 32° 28'. 

What State laid claim to the Mississippi Territory? 

Georpa. 

When was a territorial "overumeut formed for the Mis- 
sissippi Territory! 

By Congress, with consent of Georgia, on April 7, 1798, 
slavery not being- prohibited. 

Who was appointed first Govern(>r? 

Winthrop Sargent, of Massachusetts. ^ 

What was the capital of the Territory ? 

Natchez. 

What proclamation did Governor Sargent issue? 

A proclamation, April 2, 1799, dividing Natchez district 
into two counties — Adams and JMckering. On June 4, 
1800, he issued another proclamation establishing the 
county of Washington, embracing the territory along the 
Tombigbee and the Alabama, covering all that jiart of 
original Mississippi Territory now lying in Alabama. 

What part of Alabama is covered by the original county 
of Washington? 

Twenty-nine counties of Alabama and sixteen in Missis- 
sippi. 

After the Territory !had advanced to the second grade, 
who became Governor? 

William C. Claiborne, a native of A^irginia, and citizen 
of Tennessee. 

When did Georgia give up her claim to the Territory? 

In 1802, Georgia ceded all her territory, ou her eastern 
frontier, to the United States. All this tenitorv was 



ftlSTORY OF ALABAMA. 21 

bound up in Mississippi Territory by act of Congress, 
approved March 27tli, 1804. 

When did the French give up Louisiana ? 

In December, 1803, Claiborne accepted formal surrender 
of Louisiana, United States having purchased it from 
Napoleon . 

What part of Alabama did the Spanish still hold ? 

The "Mobile district." 

What was the ''Mobile district"! 

The territory between Pearl and Perdido rivers, south 
of 31st parallel. 

How long did the Spanish hold ''Mobile district !" 

Till 13th of April, 1813, when it was wrested from 
Spain by war (and by act of congress May 12, 1813). 

What disposition was made of "Mobile district?" 

It became a part of Mississippi Territory. 

What General wrested the "Mobile district" from Spain! 

General Wilkinson. (This was the last of foreigners in 
Alabama.) 

What three settlements of whites were there at this time 
in Mississippi Territory! 

Settlements in Natchez district; the Tombigbee settle- 
ments, including "Mobile district," and settlements north 
of the Tennessee river. 

What was the policy of the Government toward the 
Indians ! 

To purchase their lands from them. 

What nation of Indians was unwilling to part with 
its possessions! 

The Creeks. 

What caused the Creeks to be hostile ! 

Spanish and English influence. 

What was the attitude of Indians in the war of 1812! 

Against the Americans. 

Where did the Creek war break out? 

At Burnt Corn, Conecuh county. 



22^ HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 

What massacre did they commit ? 

The inassacie at Fort Mims, in Baldwin connty, August 
'M), ISl.'J. 

What white leader canie down to the assistance of the 
white settlers .' 

Andrew .Jaekson. of Tennessee. 

The '^Mobile distiicf eontinned under Spanish rnle an<l 
was incor[)orated with Mississii)i)i Territory, ont of whirh 
Alabama was carved. 

When was Mississippi Tcriitory di\ ided, and when was 
Alabanni Ten-itory formed .' 

Mississippi Tenitory was di\ idcd .March 1, 1S17; Ala- 
bama Territory was formed ^NFaich .'3rd, 1S17. 

We have seen that both the Thiited Stales and Spain 
laid claim to the region bouuded by the Chattahoochee on 
the east, the Mississipi)i on the west, the line of 32° 18' on 
the north, and the line of 31° on the south. In 179."), 
Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain, and in October of the 
same year, concluded a treaty which put an end to the 
boundary trouble. The line agreed on was that of 31° 
north latitude, extending from the Mississippi to the Chat- 
tahoocliee; thence down the Chattahoochee to the Flint; 
thence direct to the hea<l of the St. Mary's, and down that 
river to the sea. The ' 'Mobile district", as the portion of 
Alabanni south of 31° was called, was all of this state that 
Spain now hehl. The treaty recpiiied all Spanish garrison 
north of line 31°, and American post south of that line, 
should be removed in six months after the treaty was 
ratilied. Andrew Ellicott was ajtpointed one of the Ameri- 
can Commissioners on Boundary, 1797, but on account of 
some misunderstanding between the Si)anish authorities 
and the Americans, it was 1799 before the matter was set- 
tled. In 1798, however, Congress formed, with the region 
above line 31°, as before described, the Mississippi Terri- 
tory, with a government independent of Georgia. It should 
be borne in mind that Georgia down to this time exercised 
jurisdiction over what became Mississippi Territory. It 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 23 

was stated, however, that Georgia's rights were uot to be 
impaired. The President was authorized to set up a gov- 
ernment similar to that in the territory north of the Ohio; 
however, slavery was not prohibited. President Adams 
appointed Winthrop Sargent as Governor, and John Steele 
as Secretary. Governor Sargent, from the capitol at 
Natchez, issued a proclamation forming three counties in 
Mississippi Territory, viz: Adams, Pickering, and Wash- 
ington. Washington county embraced all that part of the 
Mississippi Territory now in Alabama, and a part of Mis- 
sissippi. Washington county had one representative in 
the Territorial Legislature. Its j)opulation in 1800 was 
733 whites and 494 negroes. Governor Sargent resigned 
April, 1800. The Secretary exercised the functions of 
Governor for a short time. There were some plantations 
along the Mobile and Teusaw rivers. There were settle- 
ments on the Tombigbee and about Fort St. Stephens. 
White traders were to be found in all the Indian towns. 
Fort Stephens and Fort Stoddart, in Tensaw neighborhood, 
were the Military posts. 

In July, 1801, President Thomas Jetferson aj^pointed 
William C. Claiborne Governor of Mississippi Territory. 
The next year the capital was removed from Natchez to 
the town of Washington, a little east of Natchez. The fu'st 
county court in Washington was held at Mcintosh Bluff, 
on the Tombigbee. Justices of the Peace were appointed 
for the counties. Trouble now arose over land grants; 
some settlers claiming by right from Spain; some, from 
Georgia; some, from the British. Congress placed one 
Commissioner at St. Stephens and another at Washington, 
to settle the claims. 

Georgia, in 1802, through commission at Washington, 
ceded all her territory west of the Chattahoochee to the 
United States. For this the United States agreed to pay 
one and a quarter million dollars out of the proceeds from 
sale of these lands. In 1804, Congress added to Mississippi 
Territory the land ceded by Georgia, and the '^twelve mile 
strip" which was once owned by South Carolina. 



24 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Til 1S()4, Mississippi Territory extended north to the 
Tennessee; the 81st panillel was the sontnern bonndary. 
Thus the Gulf coast, inelnding the city of Mobile, was a 
part of West Florida and was held by Spain, and formed 
no part of the Mississippi Territoiy. 

In 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States, 
havinj? taken it from Spain in 1S(M). That part of West 
Florida between the Pearl and the Perdido rivers was 
calle*! the District of Mol)ile, and this was under Spanish 
rnle. When Louisiana was purchased, the President 
appointed Governor Claiborne as its first Governor, and 
Mississii)pi was left without a Governor for more than a 
year, the functions of that officer devolving upon the Sec- 
retary. Early in 1805, Robert Williams, of North Caro- 
lina, the new Governor, took charge of Mississippi Terri- 
tory. 

Aaron Burr, once Vice-President of the Union, while 
tieeing from justice, was captured near Fort Stoddart, in 
Washington county. 

In 1805, the United States purchased from the Chicka- 
saws and Cherokees all rights to a triangular tract of land 
north of the Tennessee, twenty-five miles across at the 
Tennessee line and about three miles wide on the river 
itself. The Choctaws also made cessions to part of south- 
west Alabama. It was the general policy of the Ignited 
States to purchase the lauds from the Indians. 

John Hunt, a Tennesseean, was the founder of Hunts- 
ville, which was settled about this time. In 1808, Gov- 
ernor Williams established Madison county, with Huuts- 
ville as county seat. Harry Tonlinin, of Kentucky, was, 
in 1804, appointed a judge of the court of the Tombigbee 
settlement. In 1809, President Madison appointed David 
Holmes, of Virginia, Governor of the Mississippi Territory. 

There were now three principal settlements in the Mis- 
sissippi Territory; the settlements around Natchez, settle- 
ments on the Tombigbee and the Mobile, settlements in the 
Tennessee Valley, On the east were the Creek Indians ; 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 25 

on the south, the Spaniards. May 14, 1812, Congress 
annexed the "Mobile district" to the territory of Missis- 
sippi. December 18, 1812, the Mississippi Legislature 
created Mobile county, although the city of Mobile and 
most of the adjacent territory was as yet in the possession 
of Spain. The war of 1812, between the United States and 
Great Britain, made it necessary for the United States to 
own Mobile. In April, 1813, General James Wilkinson, 
with about 600 men, came from ]S^ew Orleans and demanded 
the surrender of Mobile as a part of Mississippi Territory. 
The Spanish commandant, Captain Perez, made the sur- 
render. From now on the Mississippi Territory included 
all the present State of Alabama down to March 1, 1817, 
when the Mississij^pi Territory was divided. 



CHAPTER VI. 



Alabama as a Territory. 



When was the Mississippi Territory divided? 

It was divided by act of Congress, dated March 1, 1817. 

When was Alabama Territory formed? 

It was formed March 3rd, 1817. 

What was the capital of the Territory? 

St. Stephens, Wasliington county. 

How was the first Legislature formed ? 

The Governor, appointed by the President, was empow- 
ered to convene those members of the Mississippi Terri- 
tory that fell by division within the limits of the new 
Territory. 

Who happened to be the only member of the upper 
house ? 

James Titus, of Madison county ; and during the entire 



26 HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 

session of the first Legislature he occupied a separate 
cham])er and exercised all the fuuctious of that body. 

"Who was ajjpoiuted Governor? 

Win. W. Bibb, of Georgia, 

When did the first Territorial Legislature convene? 

January 19, 1818, at St. Stephens. 

What counties were represented in that body 1 

The counties of BaldNvin, Clarke, Madison, Mobile, Mon- 
roe, Montgomery and Washington. 

When did the second and last Legislature convene? 

November 2nd, 1818, at the same place. 

What did this Legislature do of special note? 

It established the seat of government at Cahaba. It also 
designated Huntsville as the temporary seat of govern- 
ment until buildings could be erected at Cahaba, for as yet 
the latter was only a town in name. 

By act of Congress, March 1, 1817, Mississippi Territory 
was divided. On March 3, of the same year, 1817, Ala- 
bama Territory was formed. Prior to IMarch 1, 1817, what 
is now Alabama was a part of the Mississippi Territory. 
Alabama being a Territory, its Governor and its Secretary 
were appointed by the President of the United States. 
The Governor's powers were very extensive. The two 
bodies of the Legislature were called the Legislative Coun- 
cil and the House of Representatives. The act of Congress, 
creating the Territory of Alabama, provided that the Leg- 
islature should be made up as follows: All the members 
of the original ]Mississii)pi Territoi-ial Legislature that fell 
by allotment on the xVlabama side, were to be members of 
the Alabama Legislature. Those who belonged to the 
original Mississippi Legislative Council were members of 
the corresponding branch in the Alabama Legislature; and, 
in like manner, the members of the Lower House, or House 
of Representatives, were members of the House of Repre- 
sentatives of the Alabama Legislature. It happened that 
only one member of the Legislative Council of the original 
Mississippi Territory fell to the Alabama side; and, hence, 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 27 

there was but one member of the Legislative Council of 
Alabama Territory, James Titus, of Madison county. It 
is said tbat James Titns met and adjourned, and exer- 
cised all the functions of that body. The following- 
counties were represented in the House of Representatives: 
Baldwin, Clarke, Madison, Washington, Monroe, Mobile, 
and Montgomery counties. St. Stephens, in Washington 
county, was named as the capital till the Legislature 
otherwise ordered. 

The President appointed William Wyatt Bibb, of Geor- 
gia, as Governor of Alalrama Territory, in 1817. The first 
Legislature of Alabama Territory convened at St. Stephens, 
January 19, 1818. Gabriel Moore, of Madison county, was 
Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. By appoint- 
ment of three additional members, selected from names 
presented, the President increased the membership of the 
Legislative Council. Commissioners were appointed to 
select a permanent capital. Thirteen new counties were 
established by the first Legislature; aud the Territory was 
divided into three judicial districts. A bank with 1500,000 
capital was established at St. Stephens. The second ses- 
sion of the Territorj^ convened in November, 1818. This 
was the last Territorial Legislature. Another bank was 
established at Mobile. The second Legislature of the 
Territory designated Cahaba, near the mouth of the Cahaba 
river, as the capital. Cahaba was only a town in name, 
as yet; therefore, the Legislature designated Huntsville as 
temporary capital till buildings could be erected at Cahaba. 

In 1819, by treaty, the Cherokees ceded to the United 
States all their claims in Alabama north and west of the 
Tennessee river. These lands are now embraced in the 
counties of Madison, Jackson, and Marshall. 

In the spring of 1817, the flow of immigration into Ala- 
bama was so great that the price of provisions was very 
high. The immigrants were mostly from Georgia, Ten- 
nessee, the Caroliuas, and Virginia; the Georgians settling 
in the east, the Tennesseeans in the north, the Carolinians 



28 HISTOEY OF ALABAMA. 

and Virginians in the great river bottoms. In Marengo 
county a baud of French ininiigrants were given a grant of 
territory, provided they would plant and cultivate the 
vine and the olive. Congress authorized the sale of four 
townships to them at two dollars per acre. Most of the 
grant lay in Marengo county, but there was some in Greene. 
The colony did not succeed. The total population of the 
Territory in 1818 was 67,000; of whom 21,000 were slaves. 
More than 300 were free Negroes. 

On March 2nd, 1819, Congress passed an act allowing 
Alabama Territory to form a Constitution preparatory to 
its admission as a State. This act was called the Enabling 
Act. Congress donated to the Territory the sixteenth sec- 
tion of every township of public lands, for the support of 
schools; twenty- two sections of land for a "seminary of 
learning" ; sixteen hundred and twenty acres for the cap- 
ital at Cahaba; live per cent of the net proceeds from the 
sale of public lands, for internal improvements. 

The election for delegates to the first Constitutional Con- 
vention was held in May. The total number of delegates 
was forty-five, forty -four of whom met in Huutsville, Julj'^ 
5, 1819. Madison county had eight, the largest of any 
county. The President of the Convention was John W. 
Walker, of Madison county. On August 2ud, 1819, the 
Convention finished its work, and sent the Constitution to 
Congress to be approved. On December 14th, 1819, Ala- 
bama was admitted into the Union. 



History of Alabama. 29 



CHAPTER VJI. 



Creek Indian War 1813-14. 



When the ludiaus begau to attack the white settlers, 
who were the leaders of the white forces against the Indians! 

There were four principal leaders of the whites against 
the Indians: (1) General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, 
with volunteers from Middle and West Tennessee ; (2) an 
army from the AVest, commanded by General F, L. Clai- 
borne; (3) an army from East Teuuessee, commanded by 
Major-General John Cocke; (4) an army from Georgia, 
commanded by Brigadier-General John Floyd. 

The following pages will contain the descriptions of the 
fights between the whites and the Indians, beginning with 
the skirmish at Bm-nt Corn, Conecuh county : 

SKIRMISH AT BURN^T CORN. 

Where is Burnt Corn ? 

Burnt Corn is a small creek in Conecuh county. 

Between whom was this fight! 

Between the white settlers, and the Creek Indians under 
Peter McQneen and other chiefs. 

When did it occur! 

July 27th, 1813. 

By whom were the whites led! 

By Colonel James Caller, with 180 mounted volunteers. 

What was the result ! 

Loss of whites, two killed, fifteen wounded. The loss 
of Indians was probably greater. 

FORT MIMS MASSACRE, AUGUST 30, 1813. 

Where was Fort Mims! 

Fort Mims was in the northern part of Baldwin county, 
a mile east of Alabama river, two miles below the "cut off." 



30 HISTORYIOF ALAP.A^rA. 

Between whom was this struggle? 

Between the whites and the Indians. 

What caused the Judiaus to commit this massacre? 

The Indians were incensed at the attack of Burnt Corn, 
July 27, 1813. 

"What were the forces? 

About 1,000 warriors from towjis on tlie Coosa and the 
Tallapoosa made up the Indian forces; 553 souls comprised 
the settlers. 

Under whose command were the whites? 

The whites were under command of Major Daniel Beas- 
ley, and Dixon Bailey, a half-breed. 

When did tlie fight begin? 

About midday, while the settlers dined. 

What i^rovision for safety had been made against the 
Indians? 

Around the dwelling of Samuel jNIims, the settlers, 
many of whom were halfbz'eeds, had built a stockade, and 
with their families and slaves had gone into it. 

What was the result of the slaughter? 

Of 553 souls, uot fifty escaped death. This is regarded 
as the most shocking massacre that ever hapi)ened in the 
United States. 

Who informed the settlers of the approach of the Indians? 

Two Negroes, but thej' were disbelieved and tlogged. 

FOET SINQUEFIELD. 

Where was Fort Sincnu'licld? 

It was in the north eastern part <>1 Clarke county. 

W^hat battle occurred here, and when? 

A l>attle between the settlers and the Indians, about 100, 
under leadership of Prophet Francis, Septend)er 1, 1813. 

How were the settlers fortified? 

The settlers, on account of war with the Creeks, had 
gathered in a stockade ; but the stockade being ci'owded, 
Abner James and Ransom Kiml)all repaired to tlie laltei's 
house, two miles distant. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 31 

Where was the attack made by the ludiaus, and with 
what result! 

The Indians attacked the honse of Kimball, killing 
twelve of the settlers; sixteen escaping to the Fort. 

What further attack was made"? 

Two days later, while the settlers were burying the dead 
outside the garrison, the Indians came upon them again. 
The final result was that the Indians were driven off with 
some loss, and in this latter instance the settlers lost one — 
a woman. 

THE CANOE FIGHT. 

Where did this fight occur? 

Near the mouth of Randon's creek, fifteen miles below 
Claiborne by the river, and seven or eight miles by land. 

When did it occur and by whom ? 

It occurred January 12th, 1813, between some Indians 
and Sam Dale, with two others. 

How many canoes had the band of volunteers? 

Two canoes, obtained from a Negro named Ciiesar. 

What were the forces under each, the whites and the 
Indians? 

Some of Dale's party had crossed the stream, the others 
were left on the other side. Those left gave warning that 
the enemy was descendiug. Soon a large canoe appeared 
floating down the stream, and in it eleven warriors. Two 
of the Indians left the boat; one was killed and the other 
escaped. Nine remained lying fiat in the boat to escape 
the balls of Dale and his men. One of Cfcsar's canoes was 
on the west bank, and the other had been brought back to 
the east bank. Dale and two of his men got into the 
smaller boat and rowed to the Indian canoe. (Csesar rowed 
for them.) Then the battle began, three against nine. 
The nine were killed and their bodies thrown into the 
river; the three escaped almost unhurt. 



82 HISTOliY OF ALABAMA. 

FIGHT AT TALLASAHATCHEE. 

Where was Tallasahatchee 1 

It Avas in Calhoun county. 

When did this battle occur, and between whom? 

On November 3rd, 1818, between the whites, under 
command of General Coffee, and the Indians. 

How huge a force had the whites? 

About 500, and some friendly Creeks and Cherokees. 

What was the result! 

One hundred and eighty lied Slicks were found dead 
on the field; Coffee's loss was five killed, eighteen wounded. 

BATTLE OF TALLADEGA. 

When did this battle occur, and between whom? 

This battle occurred Xoveml)er 8th, 1818, between a 
force under General Andrew Jackson and the Eed Sticks. 

How and by whom were the settlers protected from the 
hostile Indians? 

Alexander Leslie, a half breed, built a stockade to pro- 
tect the friendly Indians from the Tied Sticks. The Ked 
Sticks surrounded the stockade and reduced the inmates 
to extremities. 

How large were the forces? 

There were 2,000 whites, including Creeks and Cherokees; 
nearly 1,000 Eed Sticks. White's loss, iifteen killed, 
eighty Mounded. 

What was the result of the battle? 

The Tennesseeans, under General Jackson, pursued and 
shot them down as they tied, and two hundred and ninety- 
nine savages were left dead oi' disabled on the Held. The 
garrison of Leslie's Fort, one hundred and sixty wairiors 
and their families, were relieved. 



IIISTORY OF ALABAMA. 53 

FIGHT AT AUTOSSEE. 

Where was the Indian town of Antossee °? 

Aiitossee was on the Tallapoosa river, near the month of 
Calabee creek. 

What battle occnrred here? 

A battle between the savages and the whites. 

When did this battle occnr"? 

On November 29th, 1813. 

Who was in command of the whites, and how large a 
force had he! 

Brigadier-General John Floyd was the leader, and had 
nine hundred and fifty Georgia militia and fonr hundred 
tory Indians. 

What was the result of the battle? 

The town was set on fire, after an hour or two; and the 
Indians driven into the swamps or beyond the river. 
Four hundred houses were consumed; two hundred Indians 
lost; Georgians killed and wounded, fifty-four. 

SKIRMISH AT ECONACHACA (HOLY GROUND). 

Where was the Indian town, Econachaca'? 

On the river, in northern part of Lowndes county. 

What tale had the Indian prophets told about the town! 

That the whites would sink into the ground as they 
approached the town. 

When was this fight, and between whom! 

In December, 1818, between the whites and the Indians. 

How large were the forces, and by whom led? 

There were about one thousand whites, including one 
hundred and fifty Choctaws under Pushmataha, all under 
command of General F. L. Claiborne; and the Indians 
under Chief Weatherford. 

From where did General Claiborne come at this time! 

He came from Fort Claiborne. 



34 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

What Fort did he build while ou the journey to 
Ecouaehaeal 

Fort Deposit. 

How far is Eeonachaca from Ft. Deposit? 

About forty miles. 

What of the assault? 

The assault was vigorous, the whites advaueing in a 
crescent shaped line. The Indians made a brief but fierce 
resistance, theu lied into the swamps. 

What was the result? 

About thirty Indians and Negroes were left dead on the 
field; five whites lost, one killed, tweuty wounded. Weath- 
erford fled on horse over high bluft" to the other side of the 
river and escaped. Claiborne burned Econachaca. 

FIGHT AT EMUCKFAU. 

W^here is Emuckfau creek ? 

It is in the northern part of Tallapoosa county. 

Between whom was this battle ? 

Between the whites, eight hundred and fifty stroug, 
with two hundred Indians under General Jackson; and the 
savages. 

When and where did this fight occur? 

On the night of January 22nd, 1S14, at the creek. 

What incidents in the tight? 

At day light the savages fiercely attacked the camp at 
different points. They were repulsed, but made another 
attempt. Finally, mounted men pursued them for three 
miles, and the combat ceased. 

What was the result of this battle? 

General Jackson retreated next day, having sustained 
loss of thirty killed, seventy wounded; savages a little 
more. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. . 35 

FIGHT AT ENITACHOPCO. 

Where was Eaitachopco? 

It was ou the lower edge of Clay county. 

Between whom did this battle occur! 

Between the whites under General Jackson, with about 
1,000 men; and the Indians. 

When and where did the fight occur? 

On January 24th, 3 814, while Jackson's forces were 
crossing the creek, after the battle of Emuckfau. 

What was the result! 

Twenty-six Indians were left on the field. There was 
severe loss on both sides. 

THE BATTLE OF THE HORSESHOE. 

Where is the horseshoe peninsula? 

It is in the bend of the Tallapoosa river, not far from 
Emuckfau. 

By what name did the Indians call this place ! 

Tohopeka (Tohopka). 

When did this battle occur? 

On March 27th, 1814. 

Between whom was this battle ? 

Between the whites and the Indians. 

Who were the leaders, and how strong were the forces ? 

Generals Jackson and Coffee led the whites, two thousand 
strong; and Chief Weatherford, with about one thousand 
warriors, led the Indian forces. 

Describe the battle ? 

General Jackson having learned that the Eed Sticks had 
gathered in the peninsula, left a sufficient garrison at Fort 
Strother, and sent supplies down tbe Coosa to the mouth 
of Cedar creek, where a fort was begun and named Fort 
Williams. Thence he proceeded to the enemy. The 
Indians had thrown up a breastwork of logs. On the 
morning of March 27th, General Jackson moved against 
the breastworks. While General Jackson's men were 



86 HISTORY OF ALARAMA. 

storming the breastworks, General C'oifee, with some 
friendly Chickasaws, crossed from the other side and 
burned the village. Thus the Creeks were surrounded, 
though thej' fought bravely to the end. 

What was the number lost f 

General Jackson's loss was thirty-two killed and ninety- 
nine wounded; the Indians, live hundied and fifty-seven 
killed. 

What was the result of this battle on the Creek War? 

The battle of the Horseshoe broke the back of the war, 
though small parties were still in arms. 

What lands were acquired by treaty with the Creeks? 

By treaty of Fort Jackson,' August 9th, 1814, the Creeks 
ceded all their territory lying south of a line drawn from 
Wetumpka to a point on the Chattahoochee, below Eufanla, 
and west of the Coosa ri\ er, to the United States. 

BOMBARDMENT OF FORT BOWYER. 

Where was Fort Bowyer ? 

It was on the extreme southern point of Baldwin county. 

When did this bombardment take place, and between 
whom ! 

It occurred September 15th, 1814, between the British 
and Indians on one side, and the settlers on the other. 

How large a force had the British, and how large a force 
the settlers'? 

The British were seven hundred and thirty men, with 
four men-of-war, under Col. Nichols; and the Fort was 
defended by one hundred and thirty men under Major 
Lawrence. 

Give an incident of the fight? 

A fierce cannonade from the ships and a land battery 
was replied to with spirit bj' the garrison, and within two 
hours the enemy was driven oif with the destruction of his 
flagship, the Hermes, which was burned by her crew. 

What was the final result? 

The loss of the British was two hundred and thirtv two 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 37 

men killed and wounded; that of the garrison, four men 
killed, four wounded. 

When was the Fort again invested '? 

In February. 

By what force ! 

The British army and fleet of Peckenham returning from 
bloody repulse on plains of New Orleans. 

How large was the force! 

Thirty-eight war vessels drawn up, and five thousand 
men were landed on the shore. 

What was the result! 

Seeing these preparations for the reduction of the Fort, 
Major Lawrence surrendered it with three hundred and 
sixty men, February 12th. The enemy held the place for 
a few weeks only, for peace had already been declared. 

General Andrew Jackson was of Tennessee. He was the 
chief leader of the whites against the Creek Indians in the 
war. Colonel John Coffee was General Jackson's compan- 
ion throughout the war. The war of the Creeks was 
brought on because of discontent, the Indians believing 
they were defrauded of their lands. The whites of the 
Tombigbee and Tensaw settlements gave rise to trouble by 
displacing the Indians in those neighborhoods. In the 
fork of the Alabama and Tombigbee, white settlers had 
driven out the Alabamas and taken their hunting grounds. 
This was in Clarke county, established December, 1812. 
In 1811, a horse path from the Chattahoochee to Mims' 
Ferry was converted into a Federal road by a party of sol- 
diers. 

Tecumseh, the famous Shawnee warrior, became spokes- 
man for his people. Tecumseh lived above the Ohio. His 
parents once lived in the Shawnee settlement on the Talla- 
poosa. The Creeks formed a war party known as the Bed 
Sticks. Tecumseh had the Big Warrior as his opposer in 
getting up a war party. Big Warrior formed a peace 
party. The leaders of the hostile forces were Peter 
McQueen, a half-breed of Autossee, "High-Head Jim, "and 



38 HISTORY OF ALABAMA . 

David FraiK'is, a '^projihet," and Weatherford, the *^Red 
Eaji:le." At liist, civil disseusiou arose among the Indians 
themselves. In June, 1812, the United States declared 
war against Great Britain, and from that time the Red 
Sticks received encouragement from the British. A party 
of Indians went down to Pensacola to obtain ammunition, 
Si)ies were sent to discover what the expedition to Pensa- 
cohi meant. Colonel Caller, the senior militia oflRcer of 
the frontier, called out the militia, and with one hundred 
and eighty men marched eastward across the Tombigbee 
July 2r)th, 1813. When they struck the road from Pensa- 
cola, they marched down this till they reached Burnt Corn 
creek, and on July 27th, of the same year, the skirmish of 
Burnt Corn occurred. 

Jackson established several depots of supplies. He 
established Fort Deposit, on the Tennessee; on the Coosa 
Jackson built another fort, called Fort Strother. From 
here Jackson went to Talladega and fought a battle. It 
was less than forty days after the Fort Minis massacre that 
General Jackson came to the aid of the settlers in Alal>ama. 
Jackson also established Fort Williams, at the mouth of 
Cedar creek, on the Coosa. From here Jackson proceeded 
to the Horse Shoe bend, where the most bloody battle of 
the war occurred. This battle settled the war, in large 
measure. Xext, Jackson went to Hickory Ground, in 
Elmore county, and built Fort Jackson on the ruins of Fort 
Toulouse, built by Bienville. The treaty made at Fort 
Jackson, August 9tli, 1814, terminated the war on the 
Tallapoosa, and many of the Creeks tied to Pensacola. 
There the Creeks were protected by the Spaniards, who 
were incensed at the capture of Mobile. War was also 
waging between Great Britain and the United States, the 
war having begun in 1812. The British enlisted the 
Indians that fled to Pensacola, in a campaign against 
Mobile and Xew Orleans. General Jackson left Fort Jack- 
son and made his way to Mobile, built Fort Bowyer; later 
capture<l Pensacola, and then repaired to Xew Orleans, 

The Creek War was euded, and, by the treaty of Fort 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA.. 39 

Jackson, a large territory was ceded to tbe United States 
Government and opened to settlers. The incoming settlers 
can best be described in the language of Pickett, the his- 
torian: ^'The flood-gates of Virginia, the two Caroliuas, 
Tennessee, Kentucky, and Georgia, were now hoisted, and 
mighty streams of emigration poured through them, 
spreading over the whole territory of Alabama. The axe 
resounded from side to side, and from corner to corner. 
The stately and magnificent forests fell. Log cabins 
sprang, as if by magic, into sight. Never, before or since, 
has a country been so rapidly peopled." 



CHAPTER Till. 



Administrations of William W. Bibb 
and Thomas Bibb, 1819-20. 



When and where was William W, Bibb born! 

In Virginia, 1781. 

When did he come to Alabama! 

From Georgia, which was his home immediately pre- 
ceding his coming to Alabama, in 1817. 

What special mission brought him to Alabama! 

He was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alabama. 

What importance attaches to Governor Bibb besides 
beino- the only Governor of Alabama Territory! 

He was the first Governor of Alabama as a State. 

When was Governor Bibb inaugurated ! 

Kovember 9th, 1819, in the city of Huntsville, tempo- 
rary capital. 

In what county did Wm. W. Bibb reside when elected 

"Governor? 

Autauga county. 



40 HISTORY OF ALABA^fA. 

What provision did tlie first State Constitution make 
for the government of the State ? 

The Constitution provided lor an election, in Septeml)er, 
of a General Assembly, a Governor, oue Representative in 
Congi'ess for the whole State, Clerks of courts, and a Sheriff 
for each county. 

Who was opposing candidate for Governor ? 

Mannaduke Williams, of Tuscaloosa. 

When did the first State Legislature convene? 

In October, 1819, at Huntsville. 

Name the chief towns of the State, at this time? 

The chief towns of the State at this time were Hunts- 
ville, Mobile, Montgomery, Claiborne, Cahaba, St. Ste- 
l)hen8 and Florence, no one of which had two thousand 
inhabitants. 

When was the act passed to found a State University? 

The Legislature ])assed the act Deceml>er 18th, 1S20; 
though the school did not open till eleven years after, 18.'U. 

What other schools were established about this time 1 

In 1811, the Territorial Government incori)orated Trus- 
tees for an Academy at St. Stephens; one year later, Green 
Academy was chartered at Huntsville. 

When was the first steamboat company organized, an<l 
where? 

The St. Stephens Steamboat Company was organized 
1818, at St. Stephens. In 1820, the Steamboat (\)mpany 
of Alabama was organized. The Mobile Company, in 1821. 

How long did it take the steamboats to make a trip from 
Mobile to IMontgomeryl 

About three weeks. 

What was the population in 1820? 

The population, in 1820, was 127,001, exdnsiveof Indians. 

How nmny whites and how many Xegroes ? 

The whites numbered 85,451 ; the Negroes, 42,450. 
There were about two hundred free Xegroes. 

What of mining and manufacturing in 1820! 

These industries were unknown in 1820. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 41 

What denomination established the first churches? 

The Eoniaii Catholics. 

JSTame the first officers of the State"? 

William W. Bibb, Governor; Thomas A. Rodgers, Sec- 
retary of State; Samuel Pickens, Comptroller of Accounts; 
Jack F. Ross, Treasurer. 

What about Judicial Circuits with a Judge for each Cir- 
cuit? 

The first Legislature divided the State into five Judicial 
Circuits with a Judge for each. 

How were Judges of County Courts provided? 

The Judges were appointed for County Courts by the 
Governor, till 1850. 

How was the Supreme Court first constituted? 

The Supreme Court, at first, Avas made up of the Circuit 
Judges sitting together. 

Who were the first Judges? 

The first Judges were Clement C. Clay, Reuben Saffold, 
Richard Ellis, Henry Y. Webb, and A. S. Lipscomb. In 
1820, Judge Clay was chosen Chief Justice. 

Who were elected first Ignited States Senators? 

The first United States Senators were William R. King, 
of Dallas county, and John W.Walker, of Madison county. 

When did the State cast its first electoral vote? 

The State cast its first electoral vote in 1820, for James 
Monroe, of Virginia, for President. 

To what party did Monroe belong? 

He belonged to what was then called the Republican 
party, which afterwards became the Democratic party. 

When was the State bank organized and by what power? 

In 1820 an act was passed by the Legislature estab- 
lishing a bank at Oahaba, but it did not open for some 
years. 

What counties were established by the first Legislature.^ 

The counties of Greene, Perry, Jefferson, Henrj^, Wil- 
cox, and Butler. Pickens county Mas established by the 
next Legislature, 1820, 



42 HISTORY OF alaba:ma. 

When (lid Governor Bibb die? 

In Jnly, bS20. 

Wlio beciune Governor? 

His biotlier, Tlionias Bibb, President of the Senate. 

December 14th, 1819, Alabama Territory became one of 
the States of the Union. The Constitution provided for 
an election of State ofticers in the September preceding the 
date on which Alabama was admitted as a State. The 
first state officers were: a Governor, Secretary of State, 
Comptroller of Accounts, and Treasurer. 

The chief occupation of the people at this time was agri- 
culture. There were few improvements of a public char- 
acter. Higliways were not yet made, streams uuljridged, 
and court houses and jails were of the rudest kind. It is 
said that the lirst session of the Circuit Court in Marengo 
county was held in a l»l;u'ksmith shop. Flat-boats were 
first used on the rivers, and these were continued till some- 
.time after 1820. In one case of the very earliest steamers, 
even two to three months, as is shown by record, was 
required to make a trip from ]\Iontgomery to Mobile in 
1810. The first steaml)oats having no whistles, discharged 
heavily loa-ted guns on approaching the landing, to notify 
the inhabitants. 

Huntsville was tempm-ary capital of the State from 1819 
to 1820, when the seat of government was removed to 
Cahaba. The first Legislature of the State was convened 
at Huntsville, October 2r)th, 1819; the second Legislature 
of the State assembled at Cahaba, October 23rd, 1820. 

The first Governor was William W. Bibb, of Autauga 
county. Go\'ernor Bibb died in July, 1820, and Thomas 
Bibb, of Limestone, his brother, Pi-esident of the Senate, 
became Governor. The State ca.st her first electoral vote 
in 1820, for James Mimroe, of Virginia, for President, and 
Daniel D. Tomkins, of Xew York, for Vice President. 
The State was entitled to three electoral votes at thia time, 
and the electors were elected bv the General Assemblv. 



HiSTOEY OF ALABAMA. 43 

There was but one Eepreseutative in Congress for the 
whole State. It is said that John Pierce set up the first 
school, in the Tensaw neighborhood. It is probable that 
the Eouian Catholics rendered some sort of teaching ser- 
vice even before the John Pierce school was established. 

In Mobile and that portion of. Alabama controlled so 
long by the French and the Spanish, the Catholics early 
had established churches. The Protestants in Tensaw 
and Tombigbee settlements were without churches and 
settled ministers for a long time. These early ministers 
were chiefly Methodists and Baptists. The Presbyterians 
soon followed. 

Under the Territory, the judges of County Courts were 
named by the Governor ; under the State government the 
General Assembly chose one jn'obate judge for each county; 
and this system continued down to 1850. The first term 
of the Supreme Court was held at Cahaba, ]May 8th, 1820. 

Governor William W. Bibb was inaugurated November 
9th, 1819. Observe that this was before Alabama had 
been formally admitted as a State. 



(;haptee IX. 



Administration of Governor Israel 
Pickens 1821-1825. 



When and where was Governor Pickens born? 

He was born in North Carolina in 1780. 

When did he come to Alabama"? 

He came to Alabauui in 1817, as Eegister of the Land 
Office at St. Stephens. He represented Washington county 
in the Constitutional Convention. ])ut was living in Greene 
county when elected Governor. 



44 filSTORY OF ALABAMA. 

^Vllat per.sou of national reputation visited the State, iu 
tliis administration? 

General LaFayette visited Montgomery iu 1825. 
What counties were formed in this administration? 
Covino-ton, Pike, Dale, Fayette, Pickens, Tuscaloosa, 
and ^^'alker counties. 

When did the first steamboat pass up the INIobile and 
the Alabama rivers i 
In 1821. 

What of travel in these days? 
Travel was slow and burdensome. 
What about the freshet on the Alabama in 1S21 ? 
So great was the freshet that the idea of renu>ving the 
capital was suggested. 

What, more than an> other coinbination of circum- 
stances, tended to bankrupt the citizens of the State at 
this time? 

The extravagant prices paid for government land by the 
settlers. 

Wliere did these sales take place? 

These sales took pla;'e at Huntsville in ISIS, ami at St. 
Stephens in 1819. 

To what extent were the settlers involved for lands pur- 
chased from the Geneiul Government .' 

They were involved to the extent of aliout twehe mil- 
lions of dollars. 

How were the people relieved of their bniden ? 
The State bank was organized witii power to issue notes. 
This was inteudml as a measure of relief, there being so 
little money in circulation. 

At what date and where was the bank set up? 
In 1S24, the bank was set up at Cahaba, with one linn- 
dred thousand doll irs capital stock. 

When was the (piestion of tlie boundary between Ala- 
bama and Georgia settled .' 

The boundary between Alal)ama and (icorgia was, in 
this admiuistration, left by Congress to the (wo States con- 
cerned . 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 45 

When did the Legislature provide for the election of the 
electors b> the people? 

In 1824. 

What was the attitude of the Indians abont this time? 

The Creeks were hostile, thinkiug they had been cheated 
ont of their lands. 

How were the directors of the bank to be chosen? 

By the Legislature. 

Who was elected United States Senator, and when? 

William E. King, of Dallas, was elected United States 
Senator in 1S23. In 1822, Senator Walker resigned, and 
William Kelly, of Madison connty, succeeded him. In 
1825, Henry Chambers, of Madison county, was elected as 
Senator instead of Senator Kelly, but died on his way to 
Washington. 

Who succeeded Senator Chambers? 

Former Governor Pickens, by appointment, till the fol- 
lowing Legislature. 

When the Legislature met, who was elected to take the 
place of Senator Pickens? 

John McKinley, of Lauderdale, was chosen for the rest 
of the term. 

Who was elected as next Governor, in 1825? 

John Murphy, of Monroe county. 

Israel Pickens, of Greene connty, was the third Gov- 
ernor. He was elected in 1821 over Henry Chambers, of 
Madison connty. He was re-elected in 1823, over the same 
opponent. This was an era of good feeling in the State, 
and no bitterness entered into the political contest. 

High prices paid for Government land had almost bank- 
rupted the settlers. Unimproved lands sold for as high as 
,t60 to ii«70 per acre ; one-fourth of which was to be cash, 
the balance in three annual installments. 

By the year 1821 travel was much improved, steamers 
making the trip from Montgomery to Mobile in four or 
five days. 

In 1823, a memorial from the Legislature to Congress 
recommended the purchase of more land from the Creeks. 



46 HISTORY OF ALABAJtA. 

There was already much dissatisfaction among the Creeks 
about the treaty of Fort Jackson, which was made August 
14th, 1814. 

The United States Government, in 1823, left the question 
of boundary l>etween Alabama and Georgia to the two 
States concerned. 

In 1823, the Legislatiu-e sought to bring relief to the 
people, burdened with debt, by establishing a bank, with 
power to issue notes for circulation, or, in other words, to 
make paper money and issue the same. The bank was 
known as the "Bank of the State of Alal)ama." The 
charter was to last until 1845. Moneys arising from the 
sale of public lands given by the United States for a ''sem- 
inary of learning" were put into the bank's stock. Not 
more than *100,UU0 froin this source could be so used. 
In 1824, $100,000 capital stock was secured and the bank 
set up at Cahaba. 

In 1824, the number of Presidential electors was live, 
to be elected by popular vote, as against legislative elec- 
tion before this time. 



CHAPTER X. 



Administration of 
Governor iohn Murphy, 1825-1829. 



When and where was Governor Murphy born? 

In Nortli Carolina, about the year 1785. 

When tlid he come to Alabama^ 

Id 18U>. 

What public service did he perform! 

He represented Monroe in the Constitutional Convention. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 47 

What was the chief eveut of this administration! 

The removal of the capital from Cahaba to Tuscaloosa, 
1826. 

What causerl the decline of Cahaba? 

The removal of the capital and the bank, both to Tus- 
caloosa. 

When and by how much was the bank's stock increased ? 

In 1824, by another .$100,000 and another trust fund,— 
proceeds of school lands. 

What change, in 1823, was there in Chief Justice? 

Justice Clay was succeeded by Abner S. Lipscomb. 

Wno compiled a code of the laws of the State, and when? 

Judge Harry Toulmin, in 1823, according to act of the 
Legislature. 

What of the tariff question'? 

In 1828, the Alabama Representatives and Senators in 
Congress voted against the tariff law, and this they did in 
accordance with the wishes of the State. 

Who was the next Governor? 

Gabriel Moore, of Madison, in 1829. 

John Murphy was the fourth Governor of the State. 
His administration began November, 1825, and he served 
two terms. Down to this time there was only one political 
party in the State. 

The freshet on the Alabama river caused much sickness 
at Cahaba; and, hence, the subject of removal of the capi- 
tal was discussed. Montgomery and Tuscaloosa were the 
chief contestants for the seat of government. Tuscaloosa 
won the prize, and the capital was removed to that city in 
1826. Tuscaloosa was first settled in 1815. In 1828, Ala- 
bama's Eepresentatives in the United States Congress 
voted against the tariff law. In 1820, Congress established 
a Federal District Com-t, with jurisdiction over Alabama. 
In 1824, Congress divided the State into the Northern 
District, with Huutsville as the place for holding court, 
and the Southern District, with courts to be held at Mobile 
and Cahaba. 



48 HISTORY OF ALAJiA^rA. 

H j CHAPTER XI. # 

Administrations of Governor Gabriel 

Moore and Samuel B. Moore, 

1829-1831. 



When aiui where was Governor Gabriel Moure Itoin? 

He was l)orn in North Carolina, about the year 1785, 
and settled iu Huntsville in 1810. 

What offices did he hold? 

He was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature of Ala- 
bama, a member of the Constitutional Convention; and 
afterwards, President of the Senate, and served in Conoress. 

Name the tirst two colleges that were eslablishe<l in the 
State? 

St. Joseph's College, near Mobile, and a college at 
LaGrange, in the northern part of the State, bolh estab- 
lished in 1830. 

What treaty was made with the Indians in this adminis- 
tration 1 

The treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was concluded Sep- 
tember, 1S30, and thus another of the great tril)es of Indians, 
the Choctaws, was removed from the State. 

What internal improvements were madr in this admin- 
istration ! 

This administration was marked by the construction of 
the Mussel Shoals Canal of the Tennessee river and the 
construction of the first railway in the State, in 1S.31, from 
Tuscuml)ia to Decatur. 

How were the trains first hauled ? 

By horses. 

In IS.'il, what change was made in olhce of Governor, 
and why? 

In 1.831, Governor Gabriel Moore was elected to succeed 
Senator McKinley iu Congress. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 49 

Who became Governor! 

Samuel B. Moore; President of the Senate, became Gov- 
ernor. 

What National question was claiming the attention of 
the people! 

The question of nullification. 

What important institution was opened in this adminis- 
tration ! 

The State University, at Tuscaloosa, was opened April 
18th, 1831. 

Who was the first President? 

Dr. Alva Wood, a ]S"ew Englander, and graduate of 
Harvard. 

Who was elected as next Governor ! 

John Gayle, of Greene county. 

The administrations of Governors Gabriel and Samuel 
B. Moore began in 1829, and continued for one term only. 

The census of 1830 gave Alabama a population of 309,527 
— more than double what it was in 1820. The Tennessee 
Valley and the Black Belt were the portions of the State 
that attracted immigrants at this time. Madison county 
was the leading one in population. Limestone and Law- 
rence counties were the next populous counties in the Ten- 
nessee Valley. Greene and Dallas counties were the lead- 
ing counties in the Black Belt. Tuscaloosa and Montgom- 
ery counties were also among the leading counties. Wash- 
ington county was falling behind. In 1820, the State had 
twenty-four counties. By the close of the first decade 
there were twelve new counties added. 

When Senator McKinley's term expired in 1831, Gov- 
ernor Gabriel Moore was elected in his place. Therefore, 
Governor Gabriel Moore served as Governor only about fif- 
teen months. Samuel B. Moore, of Jackson county, Pres- 
ident of the Senate, became Governor. His term was 
short, he serving from February to November, 1831. 

The question of the tariff was one of much interest at 
this time. South Carolina was one of the foremost States 



50 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

to declare that the United States had do right to tax the 
people to favor certain industries. This attitude of South 
Carolina was called the South Carolina XuUitication. 

In 1829, there was an amendment to the State Constitu- 
tion limiting the official tenure ot judges to six years. It 
was ratified by the General Assembly June 16th, 1830. 
This was the first amendment to th^ Constitution of Ala- 
bama. 



CHAPTER XII. 



Administration of Governor John 
Gayle, 1831-1835. 



AVben an<l where was Governor Gayle born? 

He was born in South Carolina in 1792. 

When did he come to Alabama and where did he settle? 

He came to Alabama early iu life and settled in Clai- 
borne, and practised law. 

AVhat offices did he hold? 

He served in the Territorial Legislatnre, was Solicitor iu 
his district, a justice of the Supreme Court; was Speaker 
of the House in 1829, at which latter time he was living in 
Greene county. 

What special era does this administration mark ? 

Governor Gayle's administratioQ marks the time when 
first troul)le arose between the State and the Federal Gov- 
ernment. 

What of executive clemency in this administration? 

Governor Gayle issued many pardons. 

What was his attitude toward the South Carolina Nulli- 
fication? 

In his inaugural address he condemned it, and the Leg- 
islature agreed with him. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 51 

What was the attitude of the people! 

The people were opposed to the tariff measure of the 
General Governmeut. 

What was done with respect to the Indians ? 

The Governor was opposed to defrauding the Indians 
out of their lands, and wrote the chiefs of the Creeks that 
he was unable to protect them against those persons that 
might design to defraud them. 

What counties were formed from the Creek cession ! 

The counties of Calhoun, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Talladega, 
Russell, Randolph, Macon, Chambers and Barbour were 
formed from the Creek cession. 

How was the Indian treaty enforced ? 

United States troops were placed in the State to enforce 
the treaty. 

What was the result of the troops' being in the State! 

Great excitement prevailed, and one white settler, named 
Hardeman Owens, was killed. 

How was the matter finally settled! 

After heated correspondences between the Governora nd 
Lewis Cass, Secretary of War, the President sent Francis 
Scott Key, author of "The Star Spangled Banner," to treat 
M'ith the Governor. The matter was settled, the Secretary 
approving the course of Governor Gayle. 

What steps were taken as to the banks? 

Branch banks were established at Mobile, Montgomery, 
and Decatur, in 1832. In 1835, a bank was established at 
Huntsville. 

What effect did the addition of these banks have on the 
State debt! 

They caused an increase in the bonded debt of the State, 
of about five million dollars. 

How were the Directors chosen ? 

Directors were chosen by the Legislature, with power to 
loan to whom they pleased. 

AVhat railroad was incorporated in this administration? 

The Montgomery railroad, now the Western of Alabama, 
in 1831. 



52 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

When was the Supreme Court made a separate body? 

lu 1832, it was made a separate body. 

Who was the first Chief Justice? 

Albert S. Lipscomb was the first Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court as a separate body. 

Wheu was the first cotton factory incorporated? 

In 1832. 

Who succeeded Governor Gayle ? 

Clement C. Clay, of Madison county, was elected as next 
Governor. 

Governor Gayle's administration was from 1831 to 1835, 
Governor Gayle was opposed to the Nullification sentiment 
and so expressed himself in his message to the General 
Assembly. The State of Alabama was opposed to the 
tariff law, but sided with the Governor in opposition to the 
doctrine of Nullification. The Legislature showed its dis- 
approval by condemning Nullification by a vote of forty 
six to sixteen. 

A treaty, called the Treaty of Cusseta, was made with 
the Creek Indians on March 24th, 1832. Into the counties 
made from the Creek cession, many settlers flocked. In 
this rush into the new lauds, one settler, Hardeman Owens, 
was killed by the troops, placed on the cession to enforce 
the provisions of the treaty. 

The Grand Jury indicted the soldiers for the killing of 
Owens, but the garrison at Fort Mitchell, where the sol- 
diers were stationed, would not surrender them to the 
courts. This killing occurred in Rnssell county. 

The Legislature of 1832-33 required the Governor to 
reside at the seat of government. 

The first cotton factory of the State, the Bell Factory, 
was incorporated December 29th, 1832. The winters of 
1832 and 1833 were both severe, and were followed by 
great floods. On the night of December 13th, 1833, 
occurred a brilliant meteoric display, popularly known as 
the time when the ''stars fell." This meteoric display 
was especially brilliant in Alabama. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA, o3 



CHAPTEE XIII. 



Administrations of Governors Clay 
and McVay, 1835-1837. 



( LEMENT C. CLAY. 

Where and when was Governor Clay born? 

He was born in Virginia, 1789. 

What pnblic office did he hold? 

He represented Madison eonnty in the Territorial Legis- 
latnre, and in the Constitutional Convention, and served 
as a Judge. He also served in Congress. 

What of the Indians in this administration? 

In this administration, the Cherokees ceded all their 
lands to the General Government, December 29th, 1835. 
This was the last of the four great tribes of Indians that 
had occupied Alabama for centuries. 

What counties were formed ont of the Cherokee cession? 

The counties of DeKalb, Cherokee, and Marshall. 

In this same year, what other Indian troubles were there? 

This same year, 1835, is made memorable by the trouble 
on the part of the Muscogees, or Creeks, as sometime 
called, on the eve of being removed to the West. 

In 1836, what burden was laid upon the banks ? 

All taxes were repealed and the Government committed 
to the bank for support. 

Next year the State had to incur a large debt to save the 
bank from ruin. 

What of banking affairs in this administration, especially 
as to specie payment? 

In 1837, there was a ''run" on the banks and every one 
of them suspended specie payment between the 12th and 
27th of May. 



r»4 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

What effect had this '' I'll u" on the l)aiiks and the siis- 
l^eusiou of specie pavmeut ? 

Many persons were reduced to poverty by depreciation 
of projjerty. 

What measures did the Government devise for the 
amelioration of the condition of the people? 

The Go\ernor convoked the General Assembly in extra- 
ordinary session, and measures were passed that checked 
the disaster. 

In this administration, what particular trouble was there 
with the Indians? 

In the spring of 1837, on the edge of Barbour county, 
near Pike, there occurred what is known as the battle of 
Pea River, between tbe whites and the Indians. 

What Indians gave aid to the whites? 

Governor Clay went to Montgomery and held a conference 
with the chiefs of the Creeks and ol)tained hcli) from them. 

What changes in the Supreme (^'ourt? 

There were three changes of Chief Justice by the close 
of this administration, 1837, which was also the close of 
Jackson's administration as President of the Union. 

What political party arose in the State about this time, 
1837 1 

By the close of 1837, there was a strong Whig party in 
the State. (The Whigs are the Republicans of to-day.) 

Who was leader of the party that advocated State's 
rights ? 

Dixon H. Lewis, the Representative in Congress, was the 
leader of a strong party in the State known as "State's 
Rights" men. 

What office did Governor Clay next hold ? 

He succeeded Gabriel IMooie in the United States Senate. 

Who became Governor ? 

Hugh McVay, President of the Senate, a resident of 
Lauderdale county, and a native of South Carolina, became 
Governor. McVay came to Madison county when the State 
was a part of Mississippi Territory. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 55 

What offices did he hold ? 

Governor McVay served iu the Legislatures ot Missis- 
sippi Territory and of Alabama Territory and in the Legis- 
lature of Alabama as a State. 

How long did he serve as Governor! 

Only four months, till next election. 

Who was elected Governor at the election in 1837 i 

Arthur P. Bagby, of Monroe county. 

The administrations of Clement C. Clay and Hugh 
McVay began ISTovember 21st, 1835, and ended 1837. 
Governor Clay was elected as a friend of General Jackson's 
administration, over General Enoch Parsons of Monroe 
county. The most imi^ortaut event of this administration 
was the treaty of New Echota, December 29th, 1835, by 
which the Cherokees caded all their lands in the State to 
the United States. The Government was to pay the Chero- 
kees $5,000,000 for their lands and provide homes for them 
in the West. Out of this cession were formed, January 
9th, 1836, the counties of Cherokee, Marshall, and DeKalb. 

In January, 1836, the General Assembly abolished direct 
taxation. The expense of the State Government devolved 
upon the State bank. 

In 1836, there were several outbreaks on the part of 
the Creek Indians, in the eastern part of the State. Hostile 
Indians assembled in Eussell county ; and there was a bat- 
tle at Pea River, in Barbour county, near Pike. Some 
friendly chiefs aided the w^hites. A number of Indians 
were killed. 

In 1837, was the time of the great financial panic. The 
panic of 1837 Avas general, but especially severe in Ala- 
bama, for in 1836 the law^ for taxation had been repealed, 
and the support of the State Government had been placed 
upon the bank. This nmde it necessary for the State to 
borrow several millions of dollars to save the bank from 
ruin. The time just prior to the panic of 1837 is known 
as the "Flnsh Times" of Alabama. 

In 1836, the State's electoral votes, seven in number, 



56 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

were cast forVau Buren andJohnsou, President aud Vice- 
I'resident, respective!}'. 

In July, 1837, Governor Clay was elected United States 
Senator, Upon his resignation, Hugh McVay, President 
of the Senate, became Governor. He served only about 
four months. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Administration of Governor Bagby, 
1837-1841. 



When and where was Governor Bagby born? 

He was born in Virginia in 1796. 

When did he come to Alabama? 

Bagby came to Alabama when it was as yet a Territory. 

What offices did he hold? 

He represented Monroe in the Lower House, aud was 
several times Speaker. (He was against President Jack- 
son as to nulliticatiou.) 

What was the condition of these times? 

These were times of great panic. 

What did the Legislature do looking to making belter 
times? 

The Legislature provided that the Governor should 
appoint a Board of Control to look into the affairs of the 
bank and also into that of the branch banks. 

What intensilied the panic? 

Drought stopping navigation on the rivers, and yellow 
fever epidemic at Mobile, intensilied the panic. 



filSTOtlY OF ALABAMA., 57 

What did the Governor say about the bank iu his 
message ! 

He pointed out its faults in no uncertain language, more 
than once. 

What discovery was made in 1841 respecting the bank t 

The startling discovery that many of the Legislators 
and others in high station had planned to defraud the 
bank by false bills of exchange. 

What of Chancery Courts in this administration? 

Chancery Courts were established in 1839. N'ow there 
were two Divisions with six Circuits, and two Chancellors 
were elected by the Legislature. 

When was the Penitentiary system established ? 

The Penitentiary system was adopted by the Leg- 
islature in 1839. 

What of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia? 

The boundary run by the Georgia commissioners in 
1826, was not satisfactory; so, another commission with 
three members from Alabama was appointed. 

What of special interest transpired in educational mat- 
ters in 1837 and 1839 ? 

In 1837, Dr. Basil Manly took charge of the State 
University, at Tuscaloosa. 

In 1839, the Judson was founded, at Marion. 

Who was the first President of the Judson ? 

Milo P. Jewett, afterwards President of Vassar College. 

About this time how had the Whigs gained iu strength? 

In 1838-39, the Whigs elected two of the five Congress- 
men. 

What legislation was attempted in regard to education 
in the session of 1837-38? 

Daniel P. Bestor, of Greene, made an effort to estab- 
lish, by Legislative enactment, a good system" of public 
schools. The measure, however, failed. 

The Democrats having lost two of the five Congressmen 
began to devise what plans for future success ? 

They passed a law, but through efforts of Whigs, (with 
a proviso, that the people should declare b}^ vote whether 



58 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

the law should remain longer than for one election), that 
all Congre.s.snien should be elected on a general ticket. 
The plan carried by electing all the Congressmen Demo- 
cratic, but was not made permanent, the matter having 
been snl)mitted to the people to signify by vote as to 
whether it should be permanent. 

Who was leader of the Whigs at the time ? 

Henry W. Milliard . 

In what portion of the State were the Whigs strongest? 

In the Southern and Middle portions. In 1841, the 
Whigs had a candidate for Goveruor, James W. McChing, 
of Madison, The Democrats elected Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 
of Autauga county, as the next Governor. 

Arthur P. Bagby was elected Governor in 1887 ovei' 
Samuel W. Oliver, of Conecuh county. The administra- 
tion began in 1837 and continued two terms, till 1S41, 
Governor Bagby being reelected in 1839. 

The period covering Bagby 's administration was one 
long to be remembered because of the hardshii)s endured 
by the people. The people wished to borrow money, but 
the banks were unable to make the loans. The price of 
cotton was low. 

In 1838, because of complaint on the part of farmers 
against the Mobile warehousemen, the Legislature passed 
a bill providing for a State warehouse. This plan, how- 
ever, did not materialize. 

In 1839, there was another panic. 

In 1837, John McKinley, of Lauderdale, was commiss- 
ioned as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the I'nited 
States, and he served till his death in 1852. 

The Census of 1840 showed a population of r)9(),7r)(); 
Whites 335,185, Kegroes 255,571. Of the Negroes 2,039 
were free Negroes. 

In 184(>, the Whigs made a stnmg tight in Alal)ania. 
Their candidate was General William Henry Harrison. 

The boundary between Georgia and Alabama was settled 
in 1839. 



HISTOEY OF ALABAMA. 59 

The number of counties was now forty-nine. In 1839, a 
bill was passed abolishing the law of imprisonment for 
debt, except in cases of fraud. 

Jannary 26th, 1889, separate courts of Chancery were 
Ijrovided. Before this time the Circuit Courts had exer- 
cised jurisdiction in all causes of equity. 

In the election of 1841, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, of 
Autauga, was elected Governor. 



CHAPTER XV. 



Administration of Governor Fitzpat- 
rick, 1841-1845. 



"When and where was Governor Fitzpatrick born ? 

He was born in Georgia in 1800. 

When did he come to Alabama and where did he settle ? 

He came to Alabama in 1819, and first settled in Mont- 
gomery. 

What public service had he performed before he became 
Governor ? 

He served as Solicitor for his Circuit. He was a lawyer 
by profession. 

What steps were taken in this administration regarding 
the bank and its branches f 

A committee was appointed to investigate charges of 
fraud, but it never reported. 

What further step did the Governor take in regard to 
the bank ! 

He consulted two eminent lawyers, John A. Camp and 
Henry Goldthwaite. 

What special part did John A. Camp have in the matter 
later I 

He was elected to the Lower House, and, throngh 



60 HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 

his efforts at the head of a coiiimittee, the result was the 
li(Iiiidatiou of the bank aud the people paid taxes to defray 
expenses of the Government instead of the bank's paying 
for State Government. 

What measure of relief did the General Government 
bring to the people? 

To relieve persons in new counties l)uying Government 
lands, Congress was asked to pass a law making the bank 
money good in purchase and payment of same, and the 
State agreed to receive whatever part of the money thus 
paid for lands that was to come to it for education and 
internal improvement. The law was passed. 

What was the next step in the bank matter f 

The next year, 1846, the bank at Tuscaloosa was put into 
li(luidation aud this was the end of State banking. It was 
sometime, however, before the bank's affairs were finally 
closed. 

What became of the bank notes? 

As they were redeemed they were burned and the plates 
destroyed. 

What changes were made in the Constitution in 1845? 

Two changes — in 1845, the General Assembly was 
changed fiom annual to biennial in its meeting; and an 
amendment allowing the capital to be removed from Tus- 
caloosa. 

In 1841, what important institution was set up aud 
where ? 

Howard College, at Marion, which was removed to East 
Lake in 1888. 

What of the redistricting the State in this administra- 
tion ! 

The State having right now to seven Congressmen, it 
became necessary to make seven districts instead of five as 
heretofore. 

What was the manner of enumeration down to this time? 

Down to this time, the enumeration was based on count 
of slaves as well as of the wliites. 



HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 61 

What couuties of the State opposed this way of euiimer- 
atiou and why t 

The northern counties, because the southern and middle 
couuties had large slave population,and these counties M^ere 
largely of Whig sentiment. 

In the next election what was the success of the Whigs ! 

In' 1843, the Whigs elected only one Congressman; James 
Dellet, of the "Mobile district." In 1845, Montgomery dis- 
trict was carried by the Whigs, Heury W. Hilliard being 
elected. 

What change occurred iu United States Senate? 

Dixon H. Lewis was elected to take the seat of Wm. E. 
Kiug, who was appointed Miuister to France; and Wm. 
L. Yancey was elected Representative in place of Dixon 
H. Lewis. 

Who was elected next Governor 1 

Joshua L. Martiu, of Tuscaloosa, an Independent in pol- 
itics, and formerly a Democrat. 

Benjamin Fitzpatrick, of Antauga county, was elected 
Governor iu 1841, reelected in 1843, thus serving two terms. 
He was elected in 1841 over James W. McClung, of Mad- 
ison county, who received the Whig vote. 

In 1842, the branch banks at Mobile, Moutgomery, 
Huntsville, and Decatur, were placed partially into liqui- 
dation; and a year later the Central bank at Tuscaloosa was 
put partially into liquidation. The State, owning the 
stock in the banks, issued bonds to redeem the currency 
issued. The issuance of bonds for this purpose caused 
the State to be involved in debt to a large extent. 
Three commissioners were appointed in 1846, to direct 
the affairs of the bank; one year later the number was 
reduced to one, viz.: Francis S. Lyon. 

In 1842, the State tax, which was repealed in 1836, was 
again imposed upon the people, without dissent on their 
part. 

The year 1844 is memorable for the following reasons: 
The Whig candidate for President, Henry Clay, visited the 



62 HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 

State. In this same year, AVilliam E. Kiug:, Vuited States 
Senator, was appointed Minister to France. Dixon H. 
Lewis, the leader of the States Rights party, was elected 
Senator in place of \Yilliain E. King. Dixon H. Lewis's 
seat as Kepreseutative in the I/nited States Congress was 
tilled by William L. > Yancey. Greater men than these 
three few States have possessed. 

The State's electoral vote, nine in nnmber, were cast in 
1844 for James K. Polk, of Tennessse, and George M. Dal- 
las, of Pennsylvania, for President and Vice President 
of the United States. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



Administration of 
Governor John Martin, 1845-1849, 



When and where was Governor Martin born ? 

Joshna L. Martin was born in Tennessee in 1799. 

What public offices did he hold ? 

He served in the Legislature, was Solicitor, Circuit 
Judge and Chancellor. 

How did Governor Martin fare politically ? 

Being an Independent in politics, that opposition should 
come against him from politicians was but natural. 

What recommendations did he make about the banks ? 

He recommended that a committee of three be appointed 
and a single director for each bank be appointed. 

When was the Capital removed from Tuscaloosa ? 

The Capital was removed from Tuscaloosa in 1846. 

Why were there no elections in 1840 ? 

Because the Constitution had been changed, making the 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 63 

meeting of the General Assembly biennial instead of 
annual as prior to this amendment. 

What about the question of slavery at this time"? 

Slavery was warmly debated. 

Who was the foremost orator ? 

Wm. L. Yancey. 

What was the result in Congressional contest in next 
election 1 

In 1847, Governor Gayle was elected a Whig Congress- 
man from the Mobile district. 

Who was elected Governor 1 

Eeuben Chapman, of Madison county. 

Joshua L. Martin was elected Governor in 1845 over 
]*^athauiel Terry, of Limestone county. Joshua L. Martin 
entered the race as an Independent in politics, and he 
served only one term. 

In this administration, the war with Mexico engrossed 
public attention. Many Alabamians enlisted in Eegiments 
of other States; but only oneEegiment as such was received 
into service. 

The first systematic Geological survey of the State was 
begun July 13th, 1817, under Prof. Michael Toumey, of 
the State University. He was subsequently named as 
State Geologist, and published ''The First Biennial Eeport 
of the Geology of Alabama" in 1850. 



64 HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



Administration of Governor Chap- 
man, 1847-1849. 



AVhei) and w here was Governor Chapman Imrn t 

He was born in Virginia, 1S02. 

When did he come to Alabama? 
• In 1824. 

What pii])lic offices did he hold * 

He served in the State Senate aud in Congress. 

What steps were taken respecting the bank ? 

In 1847, Francis L. Lyons was made sole commissioner of 
the bank to deal with creditors, and to manage the bank's 
affairs ; and he rednced the debt as low as could be reason- 
ably expected. 

What railroads were chartered in this admininistration ? 

In 1848, the Selma, Rome & Dalton, and the M. cS: O, 
railroads were chai'tered. 

What county was formed in this administration ? 

Choctaw county, in 1847. 

What about taxes? 

The Legislature established a system of taxes in this 
administration. 

A\'ho was elected United States Senator ? 

Arthur F. Hopkins, Whig candidate. 

What other candidates were there ? 

Dixon H. Lewis and Wm. R. King, the latter of Mhom 
had just returned from foreign mission of France. 

Why was Dixon H. Lewis elected? 

Because of his States Rights views. 

What accession of territory was causing much debate ? 

The Mexican War being over, the new territory 
acquire<l caused much debate as to whether it should be 
admitted as slave territory or without such right. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 65 

What were the two main points discussed? 

Some wished to leave the question of slavery to the Ter- 
ritory itself and this was called "Squatter Sovereignty;" 
others, that claiming the right of slavery was a national 
question to be settled by Congress. 

What instruction was given the delegate of the State 
Convention to the National Democratic Convention ? 

William L. Yancey and the other delegates were 
instructed by the State Convention to vote for no National 
candidate opposed to States Eights. 

Who was nominated and what was the result? 

Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was nominated; and William 
L. Yaucey withdrew from the Convention. 

What views did Lewis Cass hold ? 

He was supposed to believe in ''Squatter Sovereignty." 

Who was made United States Senator and why ? 

Fitzpatrick, Senator Lewis having died; William L. 
Yancey was elected same year to succeed Senator Bagby, 
and in 1849, Jere Clemens, of Madison, was elected to suc- 
ceed Senator Fitzpatrick. 

What change in the Constitution in 1849 1 

An amendment to the effect, that election of Judges of 
Circuit Courts and County Courts was transferred from 
the General Assembly to the people. 

When was the capitol burned ? 

December 14, 1849, while the Legislature was in session. 
The archives were saved. 

Who was nominated as Governor ! 

Henry W. Collier, of Tuscaloosa, after two days ballot- 
ing. 

Beuben Chapman served one term, 1847 to 1849. He 
was elected over Nicholas Davis, of Limestone, a Whig. 

About this time there was a revival in railroad building. 

The Selma, Rome and Dalton, and the Mobile and Ohio, 
were chartered in 1848, but these roads were not built till 
some years later. 

In the Presidential election of 1848, the Whigs made a 



6() HISTOUY OF ALABAMA. 

favorable showing for themselves, reducing the Democratic 
majority to less than one thousand. The State's electoral 
vote was cast for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler. 

At this time there were fifty-one counties in the State. 

Institutions of learning were increasing, new and beau- 
tifiil cliurch edifices were displacing the rude structures of 
earlier days. 

The University Fund, and tlie '^Sixteenth Section" Fund 
given by Congress for the support of public schools had 
l)een lost in the bank. The State pledged itself to pay the 
interest on these funds. 

Inthe Democratic State Convention of 1848, the Southern 
Eights men made the iii'st declaration of their principles. 
The leader of the Southern Rights men was William L. 
Yancey. He came to the Convention with a platform 
already prepared; and so great was his eloquence that he 
succeeded in having it adopted witliout any change. This 
platform became known as the "Alabama PlatforuK" The 
main feature of the "Alabama Platform" was that neither 
Congress nor the Territorial Legislature had any right to 
prohibit slavery in the Teiiitories; but that it was the 
duty of Congress to protect property in slaves as well as 
that in other forms. The State Convention sent William 
L. Yancey and other delegates to the National Democratic 
Convention with instructions to vote for no man that 
would not accept this view. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was 
nominated, and Mr. Yancey withdrew from the Conven- 
tion. 

In ]84J>, there was an amendment to the Constitution 
providing for the election <tf Judges of the Circuit and 
Probate Courts by the people. Prior to this these officers 
had been elected by the Legislature. 

In IStO, the Whigs carried the State Senate in the elec- 
tion. The Lower House, and both houses on joint ballot, 
were, however, Democratic. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 67 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



Administration of Governor Collier, 
1849-1853. 



When and where was Governor Collier born ? 

He was born in Virginia in 180 ' . 

Where did he settle in Alabama? 

At first he settled in Hnntsviile, and later in Tuscaloosa. 

What pnblic offices did he hold? 

He served in the Legislatnre, as Circuit Judge, and 
from 1837 to the^time of election as Governor, he served af? 
Chief Justice. 

What was the chief work of this administration ? 

The chief work of this administration was to provide 
a home for the State Government. 

When were the buildings ready? 

By the session of 1851, 

What important State institution was opened in this 
administration ! 

The hospital for the insane was opened at Tuscaloosa, 
in 1851. 

Who was the first director ? 

Dr. Peter Bryce, whose name now forms part of the 
name of the institution. 

Who was elected United States Senator in 1819? 

In 1849, William R. King was re-elected as Senator. 

What was the Census in 18.50 ? 

The population of the State in 1850 was 771,623; Whites 
426,514, slaves 334,844, and the rest free Negroes. 

What about the bank at this time 1 

In 1853, Francis L. Lyon finished his work as Com- 
missioner of the bank and his report showed that the 
bonded debt of the State was close on to nine and one half 
millions of dollars when he took charge of the bank and 



68 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

that since his commission the amount had been reduced to 
about three and one-half millions, and the outstanding 
notes received at par. 

Who succeeded Francis L. Lyon? 

John Whiting succeeded him as Commissioner of the 
bank. 

What change in Chief Justice was there! 

The learned Edward S. Dargan became Chief Justice. 

What increase was made in the number of Judges? 

In 1851, the number was iucreased from three to five. 

When did Wm. P. Chilton become Chief Justice? 

In 1856, Wm. P. Chilton became Chief Justice. 

What of railroads ? 

Most of the railroads of the State were projected in t his 
administration. 

What of National questions ? 

By this time a strong disunion party had developed in 
the State. 

What was the particular National question ? 

The questioij known as the Compromise of 1850. 

What was William L. Yancey's attitude toward the 
compromise ? 

He and his followers, known as States Rights men 
organized a States Rights party. 

What other steps did the States Rights party take ? 

They held a State Convention in Montgomery, in 1851, 
and uomiuated candidates for all the Congressional dis- 
tricts. 

What was the name of the other party and who was the 
leader ? 

The other party was called Unionists or Conservatives, 
and was led by Henry W. Hilliard. 

What was the result in Cougressioual election ? 

The result was that the States Rights party elected two 
Congressmen, and the Conservatives, five. 

What of the National election in 1852? 

The Democrats elected Franklin Pierce, of New Hamp- 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 69 

shire, for President; and William E. King, of Alabama, 
for Vice-president. (Mr. King never occupied his office, 
he having died before the time.) 

Who filled Senator King's place in the Senate ! 

Benjamin Fitzpatrick was appointed, and later the Leg- 
islature elected him. Clement C. Clay, Jr., of Madison, 
was elected to succeed Senator Clemens. 

What was the result of the State election in 1853 ? 

The result was a sweeping Democratic victory for the 
General Assembly; and for Governor, John A. Winston, of 
Sumpter county. 

What of the Whigs now ? 

They began to decline. 

Governor Collier was elected in 1849, and re elected in 
1851, without any organized opposition in either instance. 
There being no Capitol, the Governor was inaugurated in 
the Montgomery Methodist church. 

The chief business of this administration was to provide, 
a home for the State Government, the Capitol having been 
burned in 1849. The new Capitol was ready for use by 
the session of 1851. It was rebuilt on Goat Hill. 

In 1850, the Alabama Historical Society was organized 
at Tuscaloosa. Dr. Basil Manly, the President of the 
State University, was its founder and chief promoter. This 
society has been of inestimable value in preserving the 
history of the State. It has really performed a work that 
posterity will more and more apj)reciate. This society 
was incorporated in 1852 by the General Assembly. 
Chancellor Alexander Bowie was its first President. 

In 1850, the General Assembly appointed John J. Or- 
mond, George Goldwaitbe, and John Erwin, to codify the 
laws of the State. Arthur P. Bagby was substituted for 
John Erwin, who declined to serve. The Co<le was pub- 
lished in 1852. 

The Census of 1850 showed a population of 771,623; 
White 426,514; Negroes 334,844; free Negroes 2,265. 



70 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

There was much activity in railroad building dui'iug 
the time of this administration. 

In the National election of 1852, Alabama was honored 
in having- William E. King elected as Vice-president on 
the ticket with Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire. At 
the time of the inauguration in 1853, Mr. King was in 
the island of Cuba, whither he had gone for his health. 
There he was allowed to take the oath of office for Mce- 
President of the United States. He reached his home, in 
Dallas county, and died there April 18th, 185.3. 

The Compromise of 1850, with Henry Claj- as leader, 
engaged public attention no little. 

In ]\Iarch, 18.53, John A. Campl)ell, a learned jurist of 
Mobile, became the successor to Associatd Justice John 
McKinley, of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
Mr. Campbell resigned after Alabama seceded. 



W I CHAPTER XIX. # 

Administration of Governor Win 
ston, 1853-1857. 



When and where was Governor Winston born f 

Governor Winston was born in IMadison county in 1812, 
but settled in early nuinhuod in Sumter ? 

What public offices did he hold ? 

His public office had been contined to tlie Legislature. 

AN'liat is noteworthy respecting Governor Winston'? 

He was the first Chief Magistrate of the State that wa,s 
boin within the State. 

What characterized tlie administration of Governor 
Winston more than any one other act? 

Governor Winston's administration was characterized bv 



HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 71 

the large number of bills vetoed. So large, indeed, was 
the number of vetoes that he was called the "veto 
Governor." 

What was the character of most of the measures that 
the Governor vetoed ? 

They were bills to subsidize railroads and other i)rivate 
enterprises. 

What important railroad was chartered in this admin- 
istration? 

The North and South railroad was chartered iu 1854. 

What other important material matter was occupying 
the public and the Legislators ? 

The great mineral wealth of Alabama, revealed by State 
Geologist, Professor Toumey. (Professor Tourney died iji 
1857). 

What other question, arising from the Governor's mes- 
sage, was there that engaged the attention of the people? 

The question of public schools engaged the attention 
of the people and of the Legislators. 

When did the public school system begin? 

The Legislature of 1853-51 marks the beginuiug of the 
public school system of the State, — the city of Mobile lead- 
ing the way by adopting a system as early as 1826. 

When was Bartow Academy built, at Mobile ? 

In 1835. 

Who was the author of the 1)111 providing for State edu- 
cation ? 

Judge A. B. Meek, of Mobile. 

What were the provisions "for oflicers ? 

There was to be a State Snperiutendent, three Commiss- 
ioners iu each county and township trustees. 

Who was the first State Superintendent .' 

Wm. T. Perry. 

What was the school fund in 1852? 

Less than two hundred and filty thousand dollars. 

When did the Methodists found the Southern University, 
at Greeuesboro? 

In 1856, and opened its doors in 1859. 



72 HlSTOEY OF ALABAMA. 

What female school is an offset to the Southern Uni- 
versity? 

The Alabama Conference Female College, at Tnskegee, 
which opened in 1856. 

What change was made in the Supreme Court in 18.53? 

The number of judges was reduced from five to three. 

Who were the three chosen? 

In 1853, William P. Chilton, George Goldthwaite, and 
Samuel F. Kice, were chosen ])y the General Assembly. 

At what date was there a yellow fever epidemic in the 
State, and where was it particularly severe? 

In 1854, and particularly severe at Montgomery. 

What panic was there in this administration? 

A general financial panic in 1857. 

What political party had its rise in this administration? 
■The ''Know Nothings." 

How had they developed in Alabama? 

To such an extent that they came near electing their 
candidate for Governor in 1855. They elected two Con- 
gressmen. 

Judge William R. Smith was one of the "Know-nothing" 
candidates that was successful. 

In the National election of 1856, for whom did Alabama 
vote? 

James Buchanan. 

What other party had its rise in this administration, 
about 1856? 

The Eepublican party. 

Who was next chosen Governor? 

Andrew B. Moore, of Perry county, was elected in 1857? 

In 1853, John A. Winston, of Sumter, was elected over 
William S. Earnest. In the election of 1855, Governor 
Winston was re-elected over George 1). Shortridge the 
Know nothing candidate. 

About this time great interest was taken in local im- 
provements, and many 'Measures were passed granting 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 73 

State aid to private corporations. Governor Winston 
promptly vetoed these measnres. 

The public school system has its beginning in this ad- 
ministration, being established in February, 1854. The 
schools were, when first opened, supi^orted partly by State 
aid and partly by tuition, they, in many cases becom- 
ing pay schools after the public fund had been exhausted. 

In 1856, Alabama's nine electoral votes were cast for 
Buchanan and Breckenridge. 



CHAPTER XX. 



Administration of Governor Andrew 
B. Moore, 1857-1861. 



When and where was Governor Moore born? 

In South Carolina, in 1807. 

When did he come to Alabama? 

In 1826, and settled in Perry county. 

What public offices did he hold? 

He served as Representative and as Speaker in the Lower 
House, and Judge of the Circuit Court. 

What was the chief business of the people, at this timet 

Farming, cotton being the chief staple. 

In the great and heated excitement over the slave ques- 
tion, in 1857, what important decision did the Supreme 
Court of the United States hand down? 

That the slave holders had a right to take their slaves 
into any State or Territory and not forfeit the right of 
ownership over them. 

Out of what case did this decision arise? 

This decision arose out of the Dred Scott case. 



74 HISTORY OP ALABAMA. 

Where did the National Democratic Convention meet in 
1860? 

It met in Charlestou, South Carolina, in April. 

What instructions were given the Alabama delegates! 

William L. Yancey and the other delegates were in- 
structed to withdraw from the Convention if the ^'Alabama 
Platform" was not adopted. (Alabama's Representatives 
withdrew). 

On the election of Abraham Lincoln, in ISfiO, what did 
the Governor do? 

He had writs of election for delegates to a Convention 
issued immediately after the election of Lincoln was 
declared. 

What other steps were taken? 

Under the Governor's orders, the Forts on IMobile Bay 
were seized by the State troops; and Commissioners were 
sent to the other Southern States. 

When did the Secession Convention convene? 

The Secession Convention was held January 7th, 18(51. 

When was the Ordinance of Secession adopted ? 

On January 11th, 1S()1, the Ordinance of Secession was 
adopted . 

How did the vote stand ? 

There were 61 in favor of it and ol) against it — only 
24 refused to sign it. 

On what mission was William L. Yancey sent to Europe? 

To secure from European nations a recognition of the 
Confederacy. 

Whom did Alabama choose as her Senators in the Con- 
federate Congress? 

William L. Yancey and Clement C. Clay, Jr. 

What Alabamian was made Secretary of War of the 
Confederacy ? 

Leroy Pope Walker. 

In the election of 1861, who was chosen next Governor? 

John Gill Shorter, of Barbour. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 75 

When did the Provisional Congress of the Confederate 
States convene? 

It met at Montgomery, February 4th, 18(51. 

What change was made in the time of meeting of the 
General Assembly? 

The meetings were changed from annual to biennial 
sessions. 

What steps were taken to meet new conditions ? 

The General Assembly met in extraordinary session, in 
March. 

Andrew B. Moore was elected without opposition in 
1857, and re-elected in 1859 over William F. Samford, of 
Macon county. Both of these gentlemen were Democrats. 

About this time the revenue from king cotton was 
about tweuty millions of dollars a year. Cotton was the 
main source of wealth . 

At the session of the General Assembly of 1859-60, res- 
olutions were adopted, February 24th, 1860, requiring the 
Governor in the event of the election of a ''Black Eepubli- 
cau" to the Presidency of the United States, at the election 
in N'ovember following, to order elections to be held for 
the election of delegates to a Constitutional Convention of 
the State. After the meeting of the electoral college, in 
1860, it being declared that Abraham Lincoln was Presi- 
dent of the United States, Governor Moore had writs of 
election issued, and ordered the State troops to seize the 
Forts on Mobile Bay. Commissioners were also sent to 
the other Southern States, to consult and advise as to 
what steps should be taken. 

February 4th, 1861, seven States were represented by 
delegates to the Provisional Congress, at Montgomery. 

The State Convention assembled in Montgomery, Janu- 
ary 7th, 1861. Four days later, January 11th, the Ordi- 
nance of Secession was adopted. The members of Con- 
gress from Alabama resigned their seats and withdrew in 



76 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

a body from the Congress of the United States after the 
adoption of the Ordinance of Secession. 

It was openly proposed by some, because of T'nion sen- 
timent in the Northern part of the State, to erect a new 
State in the Tennessee Valley and call the same Nickajack. 

The electoral votes in 1861, were cast for Jefferson 
Davis and A. H. Stephens, for President and Vice-presi- 
dent of the Confederate States. 

Leroy Pope Walker, an Alabamian, was made the first 
Secretary of War of the Confederacy. 

President Lincoln formally declared war April 15th. 
The whole of the first jear of the war Governor Moore 
was in the executive chair. 

On the 18th, of February, 1861, President Davis was in- 
augurated, at Montgomery. 



CHAPTER XXI. 



Administration of Governor John G, 
Shorter, 1861-1863. 



When and where was he born ? 

In Georgia, in 1818, and came to Alabama, Barbour 
county, in 183;^. 

What public offices did he hold ? 

He served both houses of the Legislature, as Circuit 
Judge, and in the Confederate Provisional Congress. 

What made these times a period of great anxiety and 
suspense? 

The war, in consequence of which the State had increas- 
ed her debt. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 77 

How many regiments had Alabama in the field ? 

Alabama had 27 regiments in the field by the latter 
part of 1861. 

How many men did Governor Shorter report in the 
field in 1862 1 

More than 60,000. 

What fact made Alabama suitable ground for military 
stores for the Confederacy! 

The fact that the State held middle ground among the 
Confederate States made it a suitable j)lace for military 
stores; and also a safer retreat for those that fled from 
the Confederate border States. 

What is notable about Selma "? 

In Selma, was the largest arsenal of the Confederacy. 

What of Cahaba in the war? 

At Cahaba, was a large military prison, toward the close 
of the war. 

Name some distinguished Alabamians in the M'ar? 

General Leroy Pope Walker, who had resigned as Sec- 
retary of War, General Jones M. Withers, Major General 
Robert E. Eodes. 

When did the Federal troops enter Alabama"? 

The Federal troops entered Alabama early in 1862. 

What part of the State did they enter! 

The northern part. 

How long did they remain! 

Till August, 1862. 

Where did General Briggs' army goon leaving the State? 

To Kentucky. 

What Confederate General attempted to drive the Fed- 
erals out of Alabama! 

General Bragg, but he was not wholly successful. 

What Confederate General won a brilliant victory in 
1863! 

General Forrest captured 1700 Federal troops in Chero- 
kee county, in May, 1863. 



78 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

From what point did General Forrest ])nrsue the 
Federals ? 

From Tusenmbia. 

What Alabamian serv^ed as Secretary of War of the 
Confederate Goverumeut 1 

John A. Campbell. 

What hi^h Federal position had he held ? 

He was one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of 
the United States in 18.58. 

When Alabama seceded what course <lid Judge Camp- 
bell take ? 

He resigned his seat as Justice. 

Ou what important commission did he serve ? 

He was one of the three commissioners that met Abra- 
ham Lincoln in conference on terms ot peace at Hampton 
Eoads. 

Who succeded to the office of Governor in JSiJ;} ? 

Thomas H. Watts of Montgomery. 

Governor Shorter was elected in 1861, over Thomas H. 
Watts, of Montgomery. Like his predecessor, he had to 
rule in a time of great peril to the countr3^ 

The Federal troops began to occupy the northern por- 
tions of the State early in 1802. They were driven out 
in August, 1862, but retui'ned about a year later. At Lit- 
tle Bear Creek, in 1862, in the vicinity of Tusenmbia, a 
battle occurred between Generals P. D. Koddy, and 
Sweeney, in which the latter fell back to Corinth. At 
Barton Station, General Roddy again forced the Federals 
back. There was an engagement at Town Creek, in Law- 
rence county, April 28th, 1868, between Generals Dodge 
and Forrest. From this latter engagement General For- 
rest went in pursuit of Colonel Streight, capturing him, 
with his force, in Cherokee county. 

Streight's men having burned the bridge. Miss Emma 
Sansom, a young girl of Etowah county, at the risk of 
her life, directed General Forrest to a ford on Black Creek. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 79 

lu recognition of her courage, the General Assembly, No- 
vember 27th, 1863, voted her a gold medal and a section 
of laud. 

The following were Confederate Generals from Ala- 
bama: 

Major Generals — H. D. Claytoa, John H. Forney, Jones 
M. Withers, Eobert E. Eodes. 

Lieutenant General — Joseph Wheeler, 

Brigadier- GeneraliS — Evander Mclver Law, Edward P. 
Tracy, Leroy Pope Walker, B. D. Fry, Josiah Gorgas, I. 
W. Garrott, Sterling A. M. Wood, P. D. Eoddy, E.;W. Pet- 
tus, Cullen A. Battle, W. H. Forney, Charles M. Shelley, 
James H. Clanton, W. W. Allen, Danville Leadbetter, 
James T. Holtzclaw, W. F. Perry, George D. Johnson, 
James T. Cantey, Archibald Gracie, Alpheus Baker, 
John H. Kelley, John T. Morgan, Young M. Moody, Z. 
C. Deas, John C. C. Sanders. General John B, Gordon 
of Georgia, raised a company in Alabama, the Raccoon 
Roughs. 

On April 28th, 1.863, occurred the death of William L. 
Yancey, one of the most brilliant orators, and fearless ad- 
vocates, that stood within the councils of the Confederacy. 



80 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

# CiffAPTER XXII. # 

Administration of Governor Watts, 
1863-1865. 



Wheu iiiid where was he born ? 

Governor Watts was born in Butler county, in i*>19. 

What public offices did he hold ? 

He served in both branches of the Legislature, and 
served in the Constitutional Convention of 1861. He was 
an able lawyer. 

What Cabinet position in the Confederacy did he hold i 

He was Attorney General in the Confederacy from 1862 
till he became Governor of Alabama. 

Who preceded Governor Watts as Attorney General f 

Thomas Bragg, an able Alabama lawyer. 

What change occurred in the Confederate States Senate? 

Senator Clay resigned and went to Canada on a mission 
for the Government f 

Who succeeded Senator Clay? 

Kichard W. Walker, of Lauderdale. 

What office did Richard AV. Walker hold when he was 
appointed Confederate Senator ? 

He was a Justice on the Supreme Court bench. 

Who succeeded Judge Walker ? 

John D. Phelau, of Tuscaloosa, succeeded Judge Walker 
as an Associate Justice. 

Who was Chief Justice at this lime f 

Abraham J. AValker was Chief Justice at this time, he 
having succeeded Judge Rice in 1859. 

What particular act caused great suffering and depriva- 
tion among the people of this State? 

The fact that all the ports were blockadeil by the Federal 
warships. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 81 

Wliat victories did General Forrest win ! 

September 24tb, 1864, General Forrest captured 1900 
Federal infantry, at Athens, Limestone county. 

When were the Forts on Mobile Bay captured ? 

Early in April, 1865. 

Who was the Federal General? 

General Canity. 

AVhen did the Federals take Mobile! 

April 32th. 

When did General Wilson, Federal, enter Alabama! 

Early in March, 1865, General Wilson entered Alabama 
by v\'ay of Franklin county. 

How large a force had General Wilson ? 

Thirteen thousand five hundred picked men, about 
12,000 of whom were mounted. 

When did General Wilson enter Selma! 

April 2nd. 

Was there any fighting at Selma! 

Yes; a very destructive engagement. 

Where did Wilson go on leaving Selma? 

General Wilson moved from Selma to Montgomery and 
entered the city, April 12th. 

Was there any fighting at Montgomery? 

No. 

When did Alabama surrender to General Canby ? 

General Richard Taylor surrendered to General Canby, 
May, 4th. 1865. In consequence of the blockade of the 
ports by the Federals, food and clothing were very scarce. 

How were the people in this administration relieved of 
their sufi^'eriug? 

The State took up contributions of food and distributed 
to those iu need. 

Where did General Wilson encounter General Forrest? 

At the point where Birmingham now stands. 

Where did Wilson come from at this time? 

From Chickasaw, Colbert county, through Russellville 
and Jasper. 



82 HISTORY OF ALAHA:\rA. 

Wlien did General Rosseau enter the State? 

July, J<S<)4. 

How large a loree had he? 

About 1,800 calvary. 

AVhat part of the State did he traverse? 

The eastern part, destroying nuich pioperty. 

"When did Admiral Farragnt enter Mobile Bay? 

August, J8(U, with a fleet of ]8 vessels. 

AVhat was the result of the battle? 

The Federals conquered Forts Gaines and ^lorgan. 

Where are these Forts? 

At the entrance of ^fobile Bay. 

What other Forts were finally taken ? 

Early in 180.") /Spanish Fort and Fort Blaikley. 

When did General Wilson meet General Forrest ? 

In March, 18()5. 

Who was the nextj Governor ? 

Lewis E, Parsons. 

Governor Watts assunu'd the reigns of government 
December, 18G.'>. This administration was of short dura- 
tion, it lasting till the close of the war, 1865. Governor 
Watts was occui^ying the position of Attorney-General in 
President Davis' cabinet when he was elected Governor 
of the State. 

Most of the conflicts occurring in this admiuisti'ation 
are placed in the chapter on ''Battles between the Feder- 
als and the Confederates." 

Moat of the able bodied men being in the war, the care 
of those left behind devolved upon the Negroes, to a large 
extent, and be it said to their credit that history records 
no case where any such one proved false to the trust. 

On May 4th, 1805, General Pichard Taylor surrendered 
to General Canby the military district of which Alabanm 
formed a part. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA.. 83 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



Administration of Governors Parsons 
and Patton, June 21st. 1865-1868. 



When aud where was Governor Parsons born ! 
He \Aas born in Xew York state in 1817. 
When did he come to Alabama and where did he 
settle? 

He came to Alabama in 1840, and settled in Talladega. 
What public office did he hold ? 
He served in the Legislature. 
When did Governor Parsons come into office? 
June 21st, 1865. 
How did he come into office *? 

Governor Parsons came into the office of Governor by 
appointment of President Johnson. 

How long was Governor Parsons' a'lministration? 
Governor Parsons' administration extended from June 
21st, 1865 to December 20th, 1865, about six months. 

What was the chief work of Governor Parsons' admin- 
istration,? 

The chief work of Governor Parsons' administration was 
called the rehabilitation of the State — that is the regaining 
of statehood. 

Who could take part in the rehabilitation of the 
State ? 

Only those that were willing to swear allegiance to the 
Union. 

What persons were not allowed to vote or hold office ? 
Those that had been officers of the T"nion,and afterwards, 
served the Confederacy, were not allowed to vote or hold 
office. 

What proclamation did Governor Parsons issue? 
Governor Parsons issued a proclamation to the qualified 



84 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

voters to elect delegates to a Coustitutionul Cuinciition. 
He also issued eeitain legulatioiis to govcru the people 
till the couveutioii should meet and frame a Constitu- 
tion. 

What were some regulations 'till the C'on^•ention sliould 
meet ? 

All State oHieers, considered lo\al to the Union, vers 
to hold oflice until their successors were appointe*!; all 
laws in force before secession, that were in accord with the 
Conslilulion of the United States, were declared still in 
tbrce. The slave code was no longer binding. 

When did the r()nventi«»n meet and who was the pi"e- 
siding oflicer? 

The Convention met at Montgomery in Septemljer, and 
]>enjamin Fitzpatrick was its presiding oflicer. 

Was the CoBstitution changed wholly? 

No; the (>)nstitution was amended so as to accord with 
the Constitution of the United Slates, according as was 
necessary to cany out the plans of the President. 

At the next election, in Xovember, who was elected 
Governor ? 

Kobert M Patton, of Lauderdale. 

Wliat did the Legislatni-e <h) 1 

The Legislature met and ratilied the ir)th amendment to 
the United States Constitution, and tben (ioveruor Patton 
was inaugurated. 

AVhen and where was GoveriKti' J^itton born? 

He was born in A'irginia in JSOO. 

What i)ui»lic otTices did he hold? 

He served in the J>egislaturc. aird was, in lS(il, Presi- 
dent of the State Senate. 

\\'ho were elected United States Senators in JS(i.")? 

Governor Parsons and George S. Houston. 

^\'hat message respecting the people's condition did 
Governor Patton send to the Legislature? 

A message, calling for help for the ]>eople that were in 
need. 



HISTORY OF AT.AEAIMA. 85 

"What message had (Joveinor Paisons ah'eady issued 
respecting help to the people in need °? 

That there were 250,000 in need of help. 

How did aid come to the people 1 

Aid came throngh charity, the State Government, and 
the Federal Government. 

What about the State's Eepresentatives in Congress! 

They were not allowed to take their seats. 

What did the National government do for the newly- 
liberated slaves ? 

The National Government set np what was known as 
the Freedman Bureau, to provide for the newly-liberated 
slaves. 

What new amendment to the United States Constitu- 
tion was proposed to the State in ISlUJI 

The Fourteenth Amendment, giving the Negroes the 
right to vote and hold oflice. 

What did the Legislature do about this amendment ? 

The Alabama Legislature rejected the Fourteenth 
Amendment, though the State asserted its loyalty to the 
Union. 

Who completed a new Code of Tjaws? 

Chief Justice Walker in ]8()7. 

When the Sui)renie Court was reconstructed who became 
Justices? 

A. J. Walker, W. M. Byrd, and T. J. Judge. 

What did the special census of 18G6 show ? 

That there was a decrease in the number of Negroes as 
well as number of Whites. 

What did Congress (iually do with respect to the State 
of Alabama! 

In March, 1867, Congress passed two acts known as 
Reconstruction Acts. 

What was the standing of the State at this point? 

Alabama was made a part of a military district, undei a 
General of the arm v. 



80 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

By what name was the Goverumeiit known ? 

The Go\ einment of the State wa.s then saul to be under 
military rule. 

What was the next step necessary for the State to 
undertake ? 

The next step for the State was to form a new Consti- 
tution, carrying- out the will of Congress. 

Who was in command of the military district of which 
Alabama formed apart? 

General John Pope. 

What was the status of Governor Patton during- the 
time of military rule ? 

He was merely nominal Governor duiing the time that 
Alabama was under military rule and he Governor. 

"What county was formed in 1865 1 

The county of Crenshaw. 

AVhat counties in 180<3 ? 

The counties of Bullock, Clay, Clebnine, IClmore, Baine, 
(now Etowah), and Lee were formed in 18(i(>. 

What counties, in 1867 ? 

Colbert, Hale, and Jones (now Lamar). 

Who was the next Governor of Alabama'? 

AVilliam H. Smith, of Randolph county. 

It should be observed that Governor Watts served till 
April, 1865, On June 21st, 1865, the President of the 
United States appointed Lewis E. Parsons, of Talladega, 
as Provisional Governor of Alabama. There was, conse- 
(juently, an interregnum of about two months — from April 
to June. Lewis E. Parsons served from .Innc LMst, 1S65, to 
to December 2()th, 1865. 

In September 1865, a Constitutional Convention met at 
Montgomery. The chief business of the convention was 
to revise the Constitution of the State. Three articles of 
primary importance adopted were: 

(1). To abolish slavery; (2) to annul the ordinance of 
secession; (.'?) to annul all ordinances of 1861 in conflict 
with the Constitution of the United States. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 87 

William G. Jones, who bad been District Attorney of 
Alabama nmler the Confederacy, was succeeded by Rich- 
ard Bnsteed, of ^ew York, under appointment by Presi- 
dent Lincoln. Judge Bnsteed assumed the duties of office 
in 1865. 

The Constitutional Convention of 1865, revised the 
Constitution in accordance with the plans of President 
Johnson, but this did not meet the approval of Congress. 

Eobert M. Patton was elected Governor under the new 
Constitution. 

March 2nd, 1867, Congress passed a measure over the 
President's veto, ''to i^rovide for the more efficient gov- 
ernment of the insurrectionary States." With this the 
State was 13 ut under military rule. 



CHAPTER XXIY. 



Administration of Governor Smith, 
July 13, 1868-1870. 



When and where ^as Governor Smith boi 11 ? 

He was born in Georgia in 1828. 

When did he come to Alabama ? 

In 1839, and settled in Randolph County. 

What public office did he hold ? 

He served in the Legislature, as a Circuit Judge, and 
chief of the Registration Department under Reconstruction 
Acts. 

In this administration, who wei'e members of Die con- 
vention that met in Xovember, to foini a new constitution ! 

In this convention, 1868, there were seventeen negroes, 
and the rest, mostly men from other states. 



88 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Who was the presiding officer ? 

E. W. Peok, of Tuscaloosa county. 

Name some special feature of the constitution of 1S()8. 

The new constitiition established the office of Lieuteiiant- 
Governor. 

When did Governor Smith call a Legislature? 

Governor Smith called a Legislature to convene in July 
and the majority of the meml)ers belonged to what was 
called the "Black man's" party. 

How many negroes were in this Legislature 1 

There were twenty-six negroes in this Legislature. 

For what did this administration pass appropriation, in 
large measure ? 

This administration passed many bills subsidizing 
railroads. 

What of the representation in Congress from this State 
in 18G8 ? 

All the Eepresentatives and Senators were natises (.if 
other states. 

AVhat of the Supreme Court? 

Kew Justices were placed on the Supreme Court bench. 

How many sessions of the Legislatuie were held the 
first year ? 

There were three sessionsof the Legislature held in 1S()S. 

What new territory was sought for annexation in this 
administration ? 

West Florida, but it failed of accession. 

What new counties Merc formed in 1808? 

Chilton (then called Eaker), Escambia and Geneva. 

What was the most notable occurrence of these times! 

The most notable occurence of these times was the hold- 
ing on to the ottice by (Jovernor Smitii against Governor 
Lindsay, who had been elected at the i)recedi ng State 
election. 

How long did Governor Smith hold out against the 
newly elected Governor t 

He refusetl to give up the otlice ofCio\crnor and main- 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 89 

tained his occupation of tlie ofHice about 3 weeks by 
troops, — he allegiug fraud. 

Ouly July 13, 1808, the office of Governor was filled by 
William H. Smith/ of Eandolph, He convened the 
General Assembly in July, and also called a session for 
October. 

Governor Smith denied the right of Eobert M. Patton 
to the office of Governor. 

The work of registering the vote, for the election in 1807, 
was conducted ntider the command of military officers, 
who were in sympathy with the Republican party at the 
!N"orth. The list showed a greater number of blacks than 
of whites. 

Three sessions of the Legislature were held the lirst 
year. 

Oil IvTovember 24, 1860, the General Assembly ratified 
the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States. 

General Pope was placed in command of the military 
district of which Alabama formed a part, and Brigadier- 
Generiil Wager Swayue was placed in immediate command 
of Alabama, with headquarters at Moiitgomery. 

The State was to remain under the above milita ry rule 
till a new constitution should be formed and the Fourteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution of the Unite 1 States 
ratified . 

A convention, under the congressional plan of recon- 
struction, met in Montgomery, November 5, 1867. Under 
this Constitution the State was again admitted into the 
Union on July 11, 1868. This constitution was submitted 
to the people for ratification February, 1868, and hence, 
it is known as the Constitution of 186S. Most of the voters 
remained away from the polls, yet Congress declared the 
Constitution ratified. 

Presidents Lincoln and Johnson claimed that no State 
could withdraw from the Union, and, consequently, that 
Alabama had never been out of the Union. 



90 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

During the time of military rule, Governor Patton was 
merely nominally Governor, though he held the ofliee for 
some months longer than the period lor which he was 
elected. 

Provisional Governor Parsons, acting under ordei-s of 
Secretary of State Seward, of the United States, relinquished 
the State Government to Robert M. Patton, December l.'i, 
1865, though December 20th was the proper date. 

The first Lieutenant-Governor of the State Avas A. J. 
Applegate. 



# I CHAPTER XXV. # 

Administration of Governor Lindsay, 
1870-1872. 



When and whei'e was Governor Lindsay born ? 

He was born in Scotia ud in 1824. 

When did he come to Alal)ama,and where did hcsettle? 

He came to Alabama in 1S4S, and settled iu Tuscnmbia. 

What public ofilice did he hold ? 

He served in the Legislatnie. 

How was the Legislature divided as to jiaities at tliis 
time? 

The Senate was Republican, but the House had been 
wrest©<l from the haiuls of the Republicans. 

What new troubles now came upon the State? 

The Ala])ama and Chaltiuiooga railroad failed to pay on 
its bonds, 1871, and the bond holders tuined to the Slate 
for their money. 

What steps did the Governor take 1 

He seized the property of the railroad and employed 
General Clauton as counsel. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 91 

What was the result? 

The State operated the road. 

To what extent was the State involved for railroad bonds 
about this time, 1871-72! 

About $15,000,000. 

In 1871, what importaut school was established ? 

The Agricultural and Mechanical College at Auburn. 

What was the amount the A. & M. College received 
from the sale of public lands donated by the United States 
Government f 

The amount was $216,000. 

What is the school called now ? 

The Alabama Polytechnic Institute. 

When was the Normal School at Florence located ? 

The Florence E^ormal School was established, by the 
Legislature, in 1871. 

Who was chosen President of the University, at Tus- 
caloosa 1 

Matthew F. Maury. He soon resigned. 

Who succeeded Governor Lindsay, in 1872 ? 

D. P. Lewis, a Eepublican, as Governor, and Alexander 
McKinstry, as Lieutenant-Governor. 

In 1870 Robert B. Lindsay was inaugurated Governor of 
the State. When the time arrived for the inauguration 
in 1870, Governor Smith refused to give up the office, 
claiming that he, and not Governor Lindsay, had been 
elected. 

Edward H. Moren, of Bibb county, was elected Lieuten- 
ant Governor on the ticket with Governor Lindsay. 

Governor Smith procured the issuance of a writ re- 
straining the President of the Senate from counting the 
returns of the election. Lieutenant-Governor Moren, 
having been sworn in, and having taken his seat as Pres- 
ident of the Senate, declared Lindsay elected. 

Governor Smith refused to give up the executive office 
and called to his aid a body of Federal troops, stationed 



92 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 



at ^rontgoineiy. After two or tluct' weeks, (Jovenior 
Smith was disi)lace(l l)y Judicial inocecdings. 

The State Senate was liepuhiicaii diiriiiji- the administra- 
tion of tJovernor Lindsay. 

The population of the State in 1S7(» was <J96,0«>2. There 
were 521, .'{H4 wliites, 47"), 510 iie<>roes and 9S otlieis. 

The buildiiifiS of the State I'niversity, having;- )»een 
T)urued in time of war, weie reconstructed and ready for 
occupation by July, 18t;s. However, the occupation to 
students did uot take place till April, J8«>9. The I'niver- 
sity had elect e«l for it's head, at one time, ^Matthew F. 
Maury, author of l^hysical Geography, and many otliei- 
scientilic Avorks. He soon iesif;ne<l. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



Administration of Governor Lewis, 
1872-1874. 



When and where was fJovernoi- Lewis horn? 

He was horn in Virginia, ahout the year 1S20. 

When did he C(tmeto Alabama, and where did he settle? 

He came to Alabama early in life, and settled in llnnls- 
ville. 

What public oflice did he hold? 

He represented ^NLuli.-on connty in the Constitutional 
Couveutiou of l.S(il ; was elected to a seat in the ('(uifed- 
erate Provisional ('on<;'ress. but resigned his seat ; served as 
Circuit Judj;e in 186.S. 

What party elected (Jovernor Lewis? 

Tlie Kepublican party. 

Who was chosen Lieutenant (ioxciiior/ 

Alexander Mc Js. iustry . 



HISTORY OF ALA HAM. \. 98 

Wliat of ITiiitea Stales Senator! 

Tlie year before, the Deinociats had elected George 
Goldtlnvaite, but ill health interfered with his useluhiess. 

lloM- did the two parties staiul in llie Lej^'islature of 1872 1 

On the face of the returns, it seemti that the Democrats 
had l)oth houses. 

What of United States Senator? 

The I^ej^islature of 1872 had to elect a successor to Georj;e 
I]. Sj)encer. 

What steps did the Deniociats takef 

Thev ])rocGeded to organize as usual in the eapitol, 
counted the votes for State ofllcers, and announced that 
Lewis and his associates were electe<l. 

A\'hat course did the llepublicaus i)ursne? 

The llepublicans met in the court house, and with them 
the candidates that declared that they were elected instead 
of the Democrats. 

By what names were these different gatherings known ? 

The one was called "Capitol Legislature'' and the other 
"Court Mouse Legislature." 

Which one of these factions did (Jovernor Lewis recog- 
nize? 

lie recognized the "Court House Legislature" and sent 

a message to the same. 

IIow did Governor Lewis maintain his position? 

When the "Capitol Legislature" persisted, he called in 
the troops to liis aid. 

What was the next step taken by the Governor? 

He asked the Attorney -General of the United States to 
outline a compromise, wliieh was done, and the Democrats 
accei)ted. 

What was the result of the c(»mi)romise? 

The result was that the Republicans were in ])ower in 
the Legislature, and Senator Spencer given another teiiu 
in the United States Senate. 

What was the State's debt for lailroad bt)nd,s? 

About $17,(»0(),000. 



01 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

What of the panic in 1S73 ? 

The panic, in 187.'?, was a liiumcial panic thionghont tlie 
country, but especially opi^ressive in the South. 

What was the result as to Alabama? 

INIany thousands left the State. 

What makes the year 1874 memorable in history? 

In that year, the Democrats swept the country in Con- 
gressional elections. 

What about the Legislature for 1874 T 

Both houses were Democratic. 

Who were elected to the Supieme bench? 

Three illustrious lawyers, Robert C. Brickell, Amos R. 
Manning, and Thomas J. Judge. 

Who was elected Governor? 

George S. Houston, of Limestone county. 

In 1872, David P. Lewis was elected Governor by the 
Republicans, and Alexander McKinstry Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. The Democrats nominated Thomas H. Herndon, 
of Mobile, Lieutenant-Governor. ]\Ioren was renominated. 
General II. S. Grant was elected President of the United 
States. The Republicans elected Hnc of the eight Con- 
gressmen to which Aliibama was entitled. The Legislature 
of 1872 had to elect a successor to George E. Spencer, 
United States Senator. The election returns showed a 
Democratic majority. The Democrats organized in the 
capitol and announced the election of David P. Lewis and 
his associates. The Republican members of the Legis- 
lature repaired to the court house and there proceeded 
to organize the Legislature. 

Governor Lewis, of Madison county, having been 
declared elected, recognized the assembly at the court 
house. From this circumstance arose the appellations 
^'Capitol Legislature" and ''Court House Legislature." 
On December 17th, 1872, the "Capitol Legislature'' held 
its last session, a compromise having been proposed by the 
Attorney-General of the United States, which compromise 
was accepted. 



HISTORY OF AT, A BAM A. 95 

In this admiuistratiou there were large appropriations 
to railroads, which appropriations involved the State in a 
large debt. This debt, together with oppression because 
of a general financial panic in 1873, made the times par- 
ticularly hard to bear. 

In 1874, the Democrats elected George S. Houston. 



CHAPTEE XXVIT. 



Administration of Governor Houston, 
1874-1878. 



When and where was Governor Houston ])orn ? 

He was born in Tennessee, in 1809. 

When did he come to Alabama, and where did he settle? 

He came to Alabama in 1821, and settled in Lauderdale 

county. 

What puldic offices did he hold"? 

He served in the Legislature, was Solicitor, served in 
Congress in 1811, and with the exception of one term, was 
in Congress till Alabama withdrew from the Union. 

Of what two important committees, at one time in Con- 
gress, was he chairman ? 

Of the Committee on Ways and Means, and the Com- 
mittee on Judiciary. 

What was one of the most useful and substantial services 
rendered to the State in this administration ! 

The chief act of this administration was the adjustment 
and liipiidation of the State's indebtedness. 

How was the adjustment and liquidation brought about? 

The adjustment and liquidation was brought about by 
the appointment of a commission, consisting of Governor 



00 HISTORY OF ALA1?A:MA. 

Houston. L. W. Lawlcr. of Talladega, and T. J>. Betbea, 
of ^rotit;i()nic]y. 

A\'hat did tlic report of the com mission show tlie State's 
indebtedness to be f 

It was found that the ^^tate's lial)ilities amounted to 
about thirty millions of dollai's. 

I low was the debt li([uidated .' 

l>y issuing' new bonds, instead of outstanding bonds; by 
I'ejeeting some claims, and the leducing of others. 

W'iuit sa\ing was theie to the State besides liiiuidation ? 

Thei'e was a direct saving to tlie State of al)out thi-ee 
and a ha!l' millions of dollars", aiul the balance of the 
in<lebtedness made certain and deli nit e. 

What else can be said of the economic side of (iovernor 
Jb)Ustou*s ad mi lustration ? 

It was characterized by the most rigid economy — even 
tt) I'eciuiring the departmeids to do with less stationery. 

When was the Alabama and Chattanooga railroad sold? 

In October, 1870, by order of the rniled States Court, 
the rights of the State I>eing reserved. 

\Miat other important work was (b)ne in this adminis- 
tiation.' 

The making of a new constitution, changing that of ISIJS 
to that of is:."). 

When was the ([uestion of a Constitutional Comention 
submitted to the people ? 

The ((uestion of a Constitutional Convention was sul)- 
mitted to the peojjle on August H, JS75, and the people 
decided to have a convention. 

MTieu ami where di<l the Con\ entiou meet? 

The Conveutiou met at Montgomery, September, IJ>7r), 
and was in session less thau a mouth. 

What were some pro\isi(»ns made in the Constitution 
of bS7.")? 

That the Legislature, cxccjjt ing the lirst session after- 
wards, should not hold over fifty days, aud members be 
paid four dollars per day. The office of Lieuteuaut Gov- 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 97 

eruor was abolished, and the President of the Senate was 
empowered to become Governor in case of vacancy. 

When was it submitted to the people and what was the 
result ? 

The new Constitution was submitted to the people 
N'ovember 16th, 1875, and the people ratified it. 

When did it take effect 1 

It took effect, December 6th, 1875. 

Who represented Alabama at the Centennial Exposition 
in 1876, at Philadelphia ! 

Alabama had an exhibit under the management of John 
T. Milner. 

In 1876, who was elected President of the United States'? 

E. B. Hayes, of Ohio. 

For wliom did Alabama, in 1876, cast her electoral 
vote? 

For Tilden and Hendricks. Governor Houston was 
re elected as Governor. 

What was President Hayes' policy toward the South ? 

He withdrew the troops from the South. 

What county was formed in 1877 ? 

Cullman county. 

What legislation was there on schools? 

The Legislature appropriated for schools one hundred 
and thirty thousand dollars. 

Separate schools were provided for the whites and 
for blacks, and the cities alloAved to manage their own 
schools. 

The State University by constitutional provision, was 
committed to the care of a Board of Trustees, nominated 
by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. 

In 1878, who was j)lacedat the head of the State Uni- 
versity ? 

General Josiah Gorgas, succeeding William E. Smith. 

What of United States Senators ? 

Governor Houston was chosen to succeed Senator Spen- 
cer, and John T. Morgan, of Dallas, to take the place of 
Senator Goldthwaite, deceased. 



98 HISTOKY OF ALAi;A:\rA. 

AVhat (lid the Republicans do iu 1878 ? 
They made no uorainatiou for Governor in the year 
1878. 

Who was elected Governor ? 
R. ^V. Cobb, oJF Shelby county. 

Tu 1874, Georgr S. Houston, Democratic candidate, was 
elected over David P. Lewis, the Republican candidate. 

Robert F. Ligou, of Macon, was elected Lieutenant- 
Governor. This election marks the eud of Republican 
rule in Alabama. Governor Houston was elected with 
great anticipations, and he satisfied, completely, the expec- 
tations of the State. 

He came into ottice at a time when the State was heavily 
burdened with debt. Governor Houston was a rigid econ- 
omist, and a financier of no mean parts. He was re-elected 
in 187G, thus serving two terms. 

The administration is noted for tMo tasks accomplished 
— the li(iuidation and adjustment of the State's indebted- 
ness, and the making of the Constitution of 1875, that 
under which we are now living. 

In 1S7(), Ahibaina cast her electoral vote for Tilden and 
Hendricks. 

The direct appropriation from the State foi- the public 
schools was, in 187(), $i;}(),00(). 

In 1877, Cullman county was formed out of Blount, 
Morgan and Winston counties. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 99 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



Administration of Governor Cobb, 
1878-1882. 



When and where was Governor Cobb borni 
He was born in Abalama about 1808. 
What public office did he hold ! 

He served in the Legislature. He was a lawyer by 
profession and a conservative Governor. 

What section of the country began to develop about this 

time? 

The section around Birmingham. 

What one thing aided in the development of Birm- 
ingham'? 

The crossing of two roads, the South & North and the 
Alabama & Chattanooga, in the neighborhood of Ely ton. 

K"ame some of the most noted men in the building up 
of this region. 

John T. Milner, of the South &Xorth road; Josiah Mor- 
ris, of Montgomery; J. C. Stanton, the projector of the 
Alabama & Chattanooga road, and many others. Also, 
should be mentioned James R. Powell. 

What agency was instrumental in building up the city 
of Birmingham ? 

The Elyton Land Company. 

Who were its chief officers ? 

James R. Powell was President. 

When was Birmingham chartered ? 

lu 1871. 

By middle of 1873, what was the estimated population? 

2,500. 

What was its population in 1880 ! 
3,086. 

What relapse did the city have ? 
In 1873, a panic, the result of cholera epidemic. 
L.ofC. 



100 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

When were the Pratt mines opened ? 

The Pratt mines were opened in 1879. 

Xame a eelel)rated furnace of Pratt. 

The Alice furnace, which went into blast in 1880. 

What of the whole section of the mining portion of 
Alabama? 

It is safe to say that such rapid development is withont 
a parallel in history. 

AVho were the founders of Anniston ? 

The Tylers and the Xobles. 

What of the city of ^fobile about this time? 

The city being involved in an immense debt, gave np 
the attempt to set matters right and the Legislature 
repealed its charter. 

What hindered Mobile in 1878 ? 

Yellow fever; later, however, the city regained its 
former importance. 

How did Mobile stand in 1879 ! 

Her bonds were good for a mill'on dollars, — all being 
bid for l)y Poston, and home capitalists. 

What of the election in 3 880 ! 

Governor Cobb was his own successor in 1880. The 
Pepublicans made no nominations. 

What new party now arises? 

The *'Greenbackers." 

Who was eleected Vnited States Senator in 1880 ? 

James L. Pugh, of Barbonr, was chosen to fill out the 
unexpired term ot Senator Houston, deceased. 

AVho was Senator instead of Senator Houston nntil the 
election of Senator Pugh f 

Luke Pryor, of Limestone, by appointment, January, 
1880, to December, 1880. 

AVhat was the census of the State in 1880 ? 

The census in 1880 was 1,262,505, the whites more than 
62,0(M) in excess of the blacks. 

How many persons did the crnsus show conlfl neither 
read nor write ? 

Above 370,000, mostly negroes. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 101 

What was tlie most important legislation in tliis admin- 
istration'? 
The establishment of the railroad commission, in 1881. 

What is their duty ? 

Their duty is to adjust complaints between the railroads 

and the i^eople. 

What of the Supreme Court! 

Judge Manniug died and H. M. Sommerville, of Tusca- 
loosa, was appointed in his place in 1880. 

What of Congressmen! 

All were Democrats; but General Shelley was unseated 
by the House of Eepreseutati\ es. 

Who succeeded Governor Cobb in 1882 1 

Edward A. O'Neal, of Lauderdale. 

In 1878, Eufus W. Cobb was elected Governor, and he 
was re- elected in 1880. 

About this time the marvelous, and unprecedented 
development of Birmingham, and the other North Ala- 
bama towns began. The wonders and glories of Birming- 
ham were talked of even in Birmingham, England. And 
to these regions were attracted almost every nationality 
on the globe. 

In the mad rush for Birmingham soil, and a ''corner 
lot," the Black Belt was almost depopulated in some 
localities: Farming land could then be had for a "mere 
song". Happily for the State, this has changed. The 
people now see that everybody cannot speculate, and 
everybody cannot farm; but that diversity makes a 

State. 

In 1880, the only opposition the Democrats had came 
from the "Greenbackers." 

All the Congressmen elected were Democrats, but 
General Shelley was unseated this time and also subse- 
quently. 

At the Presidential election in 1880, the State cast 
its electoral vote for Hancock and English, the Demo- 
cratic candidates. Garfield and Arthur, Eepublicaus, 
were elected. 



102 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

The i^opulatiou of the State iu 1880 was 1,262,505, with 
the whites greatly iu excess of the colored. The census 
showed that there were in the State about 370,000 persons 
above the age of ten that could not read or write. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 



Administration of Governor O'Neal, 
1882-1886. 



When and where was Governor O'Neal born? 

He was born in Madison county in 1818. Distinguished 
as a lawyer while still a young man, he won fame in 
the secession cause, and as a soldier. 

What was the nature of the questions with which the 
Legislature had to deal ? 

The assessment and collection of taxes, the tax rate, 
the treatment of convicts, the proper relation of the State 
to railraads, and similar questions. 

What about the cities of Selma and ]\Iobile1 

These cities were deprived of their charters. But 
Selma received her charter again, as had Mobile some- 
time be tore. 

When was the department of Commissioner of Agricult- 
ure estal)lished ? 

The department of Commissioner of Agriculture was 
established iu 1883. 

Who was appointed first Commissioner of Agriculture? 

Judge Edward C. Belts. 

What are the chief duties of thia oflicer ? 

The chief duties of the Commissioner of Agriculture 
are: The formation of associations among farmers, for 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. l03 

the purpose of instruction and consultation; investigation 
of various topics in agriculture; the i^rotection of farmers 
against worthless mixtures offered as iertilizers; and the 
encouragement of immigration . 

What source of revenue has the office? 

The sale of fertilizer tags, by which means nearly the 
whole exj)ense of the office has been paid. 

Who was State Treasurer under Governor O'lSTealt 

Isaac H. Vincent, 

What showed the favor and high esteem in which he 
was held 1 

He was elected, contrary to custom, to till the office for 
a third term. 

When did Vincent leave Alabama and on what pre- 
text ? 

The latter part of January, 1882, he left home saying 
that he was going to j^ew York on business. 

How much shortage did the committee of Legislature 
report as found against Treasurer Vincent? 

A shortage of more than two hundred aud thirty 
thousand dollars. 

What steps did the Governor take 1 

He offered a reward at once, but it was four years before 
Vincent was apj)relieLided. 

His bond and the record of it was missing from the 
Secretary of State's office. 

How much did the State recover? 

From three parties known to have signed it, the State 
recovered about $50,000, and it had to bear the loss of 
the rest. 

When was Vincent captured ? 

In 1887, and was tried in August. 

What was done with him ? 

He was sent to the penitentiary ? 

What new office arose from the fact of the State's 
losing so much through its Treasurer? 

The office of Examiner of ijnblic Accounts. 



104 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

What of the financial condition of the State, although 
she had sustained such a great financial loss ? 

The next year the Treasury was fuller than at any time 
in its history, and the tax rate could safely be lowered 
although already low. 

Tu 1882, what State Normal school wa.s established 1 

The Xoruial School at Livingston. 

Who was the first j)rincipal and is still at its head? 

Miss Julia Tutwiler, daughter of the noted teacher, Pro- 
fessor Tutwiler, of Green Springs. 

What grant did the United States make to the State 
University in 1884? 

A grant of more than 4(5,000 acres of laud. 

What was the intention of this gift ? 

To make good, as far as it would, the loss arising from 
the burning of the buildiugs l)y the Federal troops in time 
of war. 

In 1884, how man}' miles of railroad track were there 
in the State? 

About 2,000 miles in operation. 

How had output of Iron increased ? 

It had increased from 7,000 tons in 1870, to 124,000 in 
1884. 

What of the progress of Jefferson county? 

It had taken its place among the five principal counties 
of the State. 

What change in Chief Justice was there? 

Chief Justice Brickell retired and Judge Stone was 
promoted to the place. Judge Stone's place was filled by 
Judge David Clopton. 

A\'ho was the other Associate Justice ? 

Judge Somerville. 

Who was elected President of the United States in 
1884? 

Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President since 
the war. 

What did Governor O'Xeal say in his last message, 
1886 ? 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 105 

^'Duringthe past two years the State hasbeeu peculiarly 
blessed; taxes were light aud there was a general pros- 
perity." 

Who was elected Governor iu 1886 ! 

Thomas Seay, of Hale county. 

Who were candidates for the nomination ? 

General Clayton, John D. McKleroy, and Col. IN". H. E. 
Dawson. Seay won after a hard fight in the Convention. 

Edward A. O'Neal was elected Governor in 1882, and 
re-elected in 1881. 

In January, 1883, the defalcation of Isaac H. Vincent, 
State Treasurer, was made public. The shortage afterwards 
was found to be over $230,000. Having departed from 
the State, he was captured in 1887, brought back to the 
State, and convicted and sentenced to ten years imprison- 
ment. Before the expiration of his term he was par- 
doned. 

In 1886, the ''boom" in the Birmingham district, and 
North Alabama, reached its highest point. In 1887, the 
"boom" began to subside. 

The many manufactories that have been established in 
the Birmingham district, have placed the city on a sure 
and lasting basis of prosperity. 

In 1886, a State Code appeared, prepared by Eobert C. 
Brickell, Peter Hamilton, and John P. Stillman. 

On February 23, 1883, the Department of Agriculture 
» was created. Its chief is to be a practical and experi- 
enced agriculturalist. 

Following the defalcation of Treasurer Vincent, the 
State created the office of Examiner of Public Accounts. 

The material prosperity of the State, during the last 
years of this administration, was very hopeful. 

In 1886, Alabama cast her electoral vote for Grover 
Cleveland, for President of the United States. All the 
Congressmen of this year were Democrats. 



106 HISTORY OF ALAI5AMA. 



CHAPTER XXX. 



Administration of Governor Seay, 
1886-1890. 



When and ^^hel•e was Governor Seay born? 

He was boru iu Greene county in 1846. He was a law- 
yer by profession, and served tlie Confederate cause in 
war. 

Wliat public service did be perform besides that of sol- 
dier ? 

He was State Senator for ten years, and toward the 
close of his term was President of the Senate. 

In what did his main strength, politically, lie ? 

He was wise, kind hearted, and liberal towards his 
oi)ponents. 

How did he tind the State ? 

He found the State iu good conditiou, with many ave- 
nues of progress open. 

What distinguished visitor came to Montgomery in this 
administration ? 

Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, visited 
Alal)ama in the tirst year of Seay 's administration. 

What wa« the occasion of the visit ? 

The State Fair; and Governor Seay Melcomed him in a 
speech full of enthusiasm, to which the Picsident re- 
sponded. 

What of education about this time? 

The Legislature of lS8<>-87 is notable for the number of 
bills and resolutions passed. It passed a bill, in 1887, appro- 
priating .*3,000 for the maiuteuauce of a Xormal School 
atTroy, on condition a suitable building be provided. 

When was the school opened / 

In 1887. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 107 

What other appropriatious were made for education at 
this time? 

The Legislature of 1886-87 passed a bill to establish a 
colored university, with funds from common school fund, 
but the Supreme Court declared such act unconstitutional, 
and the appropriation was withdrawn, in the midst of the 
segsiou. 

Where was the Normal School formerly located ? 

At Marion. 

What was doue farther ? 

At the next Legislature Governor Seay recommended to 
re-establish the school on a permanent and coustitutional 
basis, which recommendation was carried into effect. 

What was the custom as to the sale of liquor ? 

There was what was kuowu as "local option law." 

What w^as the meaning of this? 

Any county or town could, by this law, prohibit the sale 
of liquors, without interfering with another community. 

What was the chief business of the i^eople ? 

There was a revival of ijrosperity from the panic of 
1884. 

What particular towns had made special progress ? 

All ISTorth Alabama was in a state of greatest prosperity, 
and notably so was Birmingham. 

What was the valuation of property in Birmingham in 
1887? 

In 1887, the assessed value of property was more than 
133,000,000, as against $3,000,000 in 1881. 

What effect had the rise of Birmingham, and other 
cities in N^orth Alabama, upon the Black Belt ? 

The lands in farming regions, or Black Belt, depreciated 
in value very much . 

What association grew out of the depressed state of 
affairs in the Black Belt ? 

The Farmers' Alliance. 

What epidemic broke out in September, 1888, and 
where ? 



108 HISTORY or ALABAMA. 

Yellow fever broke out in Decatur in 1888, but was, by 
strict quarantine, confined to that place. 

"Who was opposing- candidate to iieay in 1888 ? 

"W. T. Ewiug, a Eepublican. 

Who was successful ? 

Thomas Seay, for a second term. 

For whom did Alabama vote in the national electioii ? 

For Cleveland and Thurman, for President and Vice- 
President. 

What of Eepresentatives in Congress from Alabama ? 

The Democrats returned a solid delegation. 

How did the Legislature stand ? 

Democratic, by a large majority. 

Who was elected United States Senator ! 

John T. Morgan was re-elected. 

In this Legislature, what law was passed respecting 
insane criminals? 

A law regulating the treatment of insanes, at Tusca- 
loosa, was passed, dispensing with mechanical restraint. 

Who were the authors of the bill ? 

Judge Somerville, of the Supreme Court, and Dr. 
Bryce, the head of the Insane Asylum. (This law has 
been copied ]>y other States). 

What increase was made in the number of Justices on 
Supreme Bench? 

The number of Justices was increased from three to four. 

Who was appointed to fill the new place? 

Thonuis X. M(;Clellan, who had been Attorney-General. 

What other change in the Supreme Coiu't? 

The next year Judge Somerville resigned, and Thomas 
W. Coleman was appointed in his place. 

What was the census of 1890 ? 

The census showed a population of a little more than 
one and a-half millions, with increase amoug the whites, 
both relatively and absolutely, greater tlian among the 
colored people. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 109 

What was the rank of Alabama in population in the 
Union ? 

Alabama was now the 17th State in the Union in j)opu- 
lation. 

What else was noticeable as to the pox)ulation, about 
this time ? 

The northern counties had increased greatly; and the 
cities made large gains at expeuse of country. 

How did the State rank industrially, about 1890 ? 

About this time, 1890, Alabama ranked third in the 
production of iron ore and the production of pig iron, and 
sixth in the production of coal. 

What was the school i^opulation in 1890 ? 

There was an enrollment of more than 335,000, with 
white and colored in proportion of 7 to 4. 

What of religion'? 

More than 30 per cent, of the people were church mem- 
bers. There were more than 0,000 church buildings, and 
church property valued at about $7,000,000, 

When was Howard College removed to East Lake? 

In 1888. 

What noted school was established in 1890, and by 
whom ? 

The East Lake Atheneum, by Major Solomon Palmer, 

Who became Governor after Seay ? 

Thomas G. Jones, of Montgomery. 

Who was his most formidable opponent in the conven- 
tion ? 

Eeuben F. Kolb, of Barbour. 

What combination was supporting Reuben F. Kolb 1 

The Farmers' Alliance, 

Who was elected United States Senator? 

James L. Pugh, of Barbour. 

The period from 1880 to 1890, two terms, covers the 
time of the administration of Thomas Seay, of Hale county. 
In 1888, Governor Seay was re-elected over W. T. Ewing, 
Eei)ublican. 



110 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Ill 1<S87, the Legislature abolished the colored Normal 
School, at Marion, and set up, in its stead, the Colored 
Ii"uiversity, in Montgomery. The school was opened at 
Montgomery under the name of Colored Vuiversity, but 
the Supreme Court declared the act establishing the 
school unconstitutional, because the funds were to be 
derived from the common school fund. Through the kind 
ofliccs of Governor Seay the matter was laid before the 
following Legislature and tbe Legislature re-established 
the Xormal School. A committee, appoiiited l)y the Gov- 
ernor, located the school at Montgomery, where it is doing 
a good work. 

An Agricultural Experiment Station was established at 
the Polytechnic Institute. In 1887, an experiment station 
was established at Uuiontown. Later an Agricultural 
School has been established in each Congressional district. 

On February 18, 1889, the Legislature passed an act 
providing relief for maimed or disabled soldiers, and for 
widows, who had not remarried, whose husbands were 
killed or died in the war. 

The population of the State in 181)0 was 1,518,017. Of 
these 830,796 were white; 681,431 colored; 790 others. 

The material prosperity of the State duiing this admin- 
istration was of a most solid kind. 

AV^ith the same foresight that was his wont in private 
affairs, Governor Seay managed the alfairs.of State. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. Ill 



CHAPTER XXXI. 



Administration of Governor Jones, 
1890-1894. 



When and where was Governor Jones born 1 

He was born in Georgia in 1844, 

What public service did he render 1 

He served in the Confederate Cause. His last service 
was to bear a flag of truce at Appomattox. He is a 
lawyer, by profession. 

What other public service has he rendered 1 

He was Reporter of the Supreme Court and Speaker of 
the House of Representatives. 

What law was passed in 1890-91 respecting common 
carriers 1 

In 1890-91 the Legislature passed a law that the railroads 
should provide separate carriages for white and colored. 

What law was passed for disabled Confederate soldiers ? 

One half of one mill on every dollar's worth of property 
(taxable) was devoted to the cause of disabled Confeder- 
ate soldiers and to widows of Confederates. 

What other appropriations were made? 

An appropriation for the completion of the Confederate 
monument on the Capitol grounds. 

What change was made in the Sni^reme Court. 

The number of Justices was increased to five, and Rich- 
ard W. Walker appointed to the new place. 

What internal improvements did the United States 
Government make in the State in 1894 ? 

The dredging of Mobile Bay. 

From what deprivation did the people suffer in 1894? 

From a freshet on the Tombigbee and Xoxubee rivers. 

How were the citizens relieved ? 

They were relieved by the Governor's calling for aid, 
which was generously giveu. 



112 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

What of the convention of colored people held at Tus- 
kegee, in 1892 ? 

It was noted for the expression of good feeling between 
the races. 

For what was the year 1892 notable in Alabama poli- 
tics ? 

For the division of the Democratic partj^ in the State, 
Captain Koll) being leader of one element and Governor 
Jones being leader of the other, and more conservative. 

What office did Captian Kolb hold at this time? 

He was Commissioner of Agricnltnre. 

What measnre did the Legislatnre pass respecting the 
office of Commissioner of Agriculture ? 

That Ihe office should be elective. (Prior to this it had 
beenappoiutive). 

What change was made in the office of Commissioner 1 

Governor Jones appointed Hector D. Lane, instead of 
Captain Kolb, whose term expired before the election 
came off in 1892. 

What course did Captain Kolb pursue? 

He, claiming that Governor Jones had no right to make 
the appointment, refused to give up the place. Suit was 
brought against him and the lower court decided in his 
favor. The Supreme Court reversed the decision and ^fr. 
Lane became Commissioner of Agriculture. 

What effect did this contest, over the office of Com- 
missioner of Agriculture, have on the the two factions in 
the Democratic ranks. 

It intensified the bitterness existing between the two 
factions. 

What was the next political move of Cai»tain Kolb? 

He announced himself for Governor, but failing to 
receive the nomination in t'he Democratic Convention, he 
and his followers held a separate convention in which he 
was nominated for Governor, and candidates for other 
State offices. 

What of the Republicans! 

Thev made no nominations. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 113 

What was the result of. the election f 

Governor Jones was elected by a majority of about 
11,000. Eeuben F. Kolb claimed that he had been elec- 
ted by a majority of 40,000. 

Why did Kolb make no contest for the Governorship ! 

Because there was uo law for contests. 

What was the result of the Congressional elections in 
1892? 

Nine Democrats, Alabama's (juota, were elected. 

For whom was the electoral vote of the State cast ? 

For Cleveland and Stevenson, Democratic candidates. 

What Alabamian did Mr. Cleveland appoint to a Cabi- 
net position? 

Hillary A. Herbert, of Montgomery, was appoionted as 
Secretary of the Navy. 

What important position did Herbert fill while in Con- 
gress ? 

For a long time he was at the head of the Committee on 
Naval Affairs. 

What change did the Legislature of 1802-9.S make in 
election laws? 

The Legislature of 1892-93 passed a bill providing for a 
modified form of the Australian ballot, a ballot printed 
by the State, with the names of all the candidates on it. 
The law further provided that the voter should have the 
right to mark his l)allot secretly, and that aid should be 
given voters unable to read. 

When was the Industrial school at Montevallo estab- 
lished ? 

It was established in 1892-93, but did not open for 
students until 1895. 

What law was passed in regard to convicts in 1892-93? 

The new law gave entire control of convicts to a board 
of nine persons, with the Governor as Chairman. 

What gave rise to this law ? 

The bad treatment by private parties who had the con- 
victs hired. The Board was still allowed to hire them to 



114 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

private peisous. A school was iutroducetl into the 
sjsteni . 

What law was passed with respect to tax ? 

The tax rate was raised, 1892-98, from lour to live mills 
on the dollar. 

What made this slight increase in taxation more bur- 
densome than otherwise would have been the case? 

The panic of 1893. 

What effect did the panic have on the industrial life 
of the State. 

It had the effect of a crushing blow, cotton was below 
actual cost; iron depressed. In 1894, there was a strike 
by coal miuers of North Alabama, and the militia were 
ordered out to keep the peace. Troops were ordered out 
to protect railroad property at Birmingham and near 
there — the Chicago railroad strike having extended into 
Alabama; in July striking miners attacked the State con- 
victs and their guards and killed several men. So great 
was the disorder that Governor Jones went in person to 
the scene of the trouble. 

When did the State conduct her lirst quarantine and 
what was the occasion? 

In 1898, against yellow fever at Pensacola, Florida, and 
Brunswick, Georgia. 

What of Eeuben F. Kolb, in the next State election ? 

He was again a candidate for Governor, being nominated 
by "Jeffersonian Democrats'* and supported by Republi- 
cans and Populists. 

AVho was successful ? 

William C. Gates was elected by a majority of more 
than 27,000 according to the returns. 

What of the Supreme Court ? 

Eobert C. Brickell became Chief Justice instead of 
Justice Stone, who died in March, 1894. The Associates 
were Thomas X. McClellan, Thonuis W. Coleman, James 
B. Read, and Jonathan Haralson. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 115 

What of the Cougressional election ? 
The Democrats elected eight of the uiue Congressmen, 
and the Populists one. 

In 1890, Thomas Goode Jones was elected Governor 
over Benjamin M. Long, Eepublican candidate. 

Yearly conferences of ISTegroes, both at Tuskegee and at 
IS'ormal, have accomplished much in bringing about good 
feeling between the races. The conferences are growing 
more and more in public favor. 

In 1892, co-education was inaugurated at the Alabama 
Polytechnic Institute, at Auburn. In 1893, the State 
University opened its doors to women. 

In 1893, the Democrats came into power at AYashington, 
Grover Cleveland being the President. Mr. Cleveland 
honored Alabama by appointing Congressman Hilary A. 
Herbert, of Montgomery, Secretary of the K'avy. 

In 1892, the Democratic party was divided. Governor 
Jones was leader of one faction, and Captain Kolb, the 
other. 

There was a warm canvass between Governor Jones and 
Captain Kolb. Governor Jones received tlie nomination 
in the Convention. Captain Kolb and his followers 
claimed that Governor Jones, and other candidates for 
State officers, were elected by fraud in the primaries. So 
Captain KoU) and his associates held a convention and 
nominated Kolb for Governor, and other State officers. 
The result was the election of the "regulars", as Governor 
Stones and his associates were called. 

The Legislature of 1892-93 passed a measure for a new 
election law. A modified form of the Australian ballot, a 
ballot printed by the State with the names of the several 
candidates ijriuted on one ticket in alphabetical order. 
The voter should have the right to mark his ballot secretly; 
and those unable to read should have aid. 

Captain Kolb was nominated again in 1894, and W. 
C. Gates was nominated by the "regulars''. Mr. Kolb 
w^as nominated by Democrats. He was also sup- 



lU) HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 

ported, largely, by the Republicans and the Populists. 
Foi- supremacy of the law and the maintenance of order, 
Governor Jones had been well schooled while in command 
of the State troops, even before he became Governor. 
AN'liile Governor, he ajipeared in ])erson at the scene of the 
disorder in Xorth Alabama, and showed himself a good 
citizen and a fearless servant in the right. 



CHAPTEE XXXII. 



Administration of Governor Gates, 
1894-1896. 



When and wheie was Governor Gates born ? 

He was born in Pike county, in 1833. 

What public ser\ ice has he performed ? 

He has taught school, served in the War of Secession, 
and was coiumander of the 4Sth Alabama. He lost an 
arm in wai', near Petersburg, Virginia. He was made a 
Piigadier-Geneiiil in the Spanish -American war. He 
served in the Legislatnre, beginning in 1870; after Avhich 
he served about !(> years in Congress, when he became 
Governoi- of Alabama. 

What of educational interests about this time? 

In this administration, there was an educational awak- 
ening. 

What of Governor Gates' messages? 

Governor Gates, in his messages, and especiallj' the last, 
gave a larger amount of useful information in regard to 
the State's schools, resources, and the State's liability, 
than can l)e found in aiiv similar docunuMits. 



HIKTOJiY OF ALABAMA. 117 

What of executive appointments in this administration? 

There was an unusually large number of executive 
appointments — more than two thousand. 

What of an executive mansion °? 

Governor Gates was the first Governor to recommend 
the purchase of a Governor's mansion. 

What cession of lands and buildings did the United 
States Government make to Alabama, in this administra- 
tion ? 

The United States ceded to the State of Alabama the 
Mt. Vernon Reservation, consisting of 1,900 acres, with 
many valuable buildings. 

Where is the Mt. Vernon Eeservatiou, and for what had 
the buildings been used ? 

It is in the northern part of Mobile county, and had 
been used as headquarters for United States troops, sta- 
tioned there for many years. 

What recommendation did Governor Gates making re- 
specting the Mt. Vernon cession ? 

That it be used as a hospital for the insane of the K^egro 
race, and the Legislature of 1900-01, has so declared, and 
appropriated $25,000 toward it. 

What other lands has the State acquired in this admin- 
istration '? 

In Clarke county, three sections of saline lands have 
been acquired by the State from the General Government. 

What was done for agriculture in this administration ? 

In 1895, several agricultural experiment stations were 
authorized by the Legislature. 

What did the school fund amount to at this timet 

Gne-half million dollars from all sources, exclusive of 
poll tax. 

What State institution was built in this administration ? 

The Montevallo Industrial School, for girls. 

Who were candidates before the Democratic State con- 
vention ? 

Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefl'erson, and Richard H.Clarke, 
of Mobile. 



lis H ISTOK Y OF A L A H A ^T A . 

What division was there iu the Democratic ranks at this 
time? 

There were the Free Silver Democrats and the National, 
or Gold Democrats. 

Who was elected United States Senator ? 

General E, AV. Pettus, of Dallas, to sncceed Senator 
Pugh. 

Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson, sncceeded William C. 
Oates, as Governor. 

William C. Oates was elected Governor in 1894. Before 
the Democratic State convention as candidates for Governor, 
Mere Congressman William G. Oates, and Captain Joseph 
F. Johnston, an advocate of free silver. Captain Kolb 
was nominated for Governor by the '^Jeffersonian Demo- 
crats,'' and he was, in large measure, supported by the 
Populists and the Repnblicans. The Democratic ''regular," 
William C. Oates, was elected. 

His long service in the Congress of the United States 
prepared Governor Oates for a high plane in legislation. 
He advocated a special tax for schools, in order that the 
people might know what they were paying for education, 
and what for other purposes. 

A code of the State was issued in ISOO. by William L. 
Martin. 

Governor Oates served only one term, from lS94tol89(i. 
He was not renominated because he declined to serve 
another term. 



HISTORY or* ALABAMA. Il9 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 



Administration of Governor John- 
ston, 1896-1900. 



Wheu and where was Governor Johnston born ? 

He was born in North Carolina, in 1843. He served in 
the Confederate ranks and was five times wonnded. At 
first he lived in Selma, where he practiced law; later, in 
Birmingham. At one time he was chairman of the Dem- 
ocratic State Executive Committee. 

What law was passed in this administration regarding 

taxes t 

A Bill, known as the back tax law, was passed, author- 
izing a commission to collect unpaid taxes, and a bill 
exempting from taxation for a term of years all capital 
that may be invested in cotton mills in the State. 

What change was made in the Supreme Court in 18t)8 t 

Thomas X. McClellan was chosen Chief Justice. 

What of the sale of lands, donated by the General Gov- 
ernment to the school at Montevallo, and to the State Uni- 
versity ! 

There was much discussion, the claim being made that 
better prices could have been obtained. 

How did Alabama answer the call for troops to the 
Spanish- American war? 

She mustered, without delay, two regiments into ser- 
vice, at Mobile. Alabama also furnished a battalion of 
colored troops. 

By whom was the colored battalion raised ? 

By Captain Francis G. Caffey, of Montgomery. Later 
the battalion was increased to a regiment. 

What Alabamians were made Generals in the Spanish- 
American war ? 

Joseph Wheeler was made Brigadier General, and Wil- 



120 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

liaiii C. Gates a Brigadier-General, of I'liited States Vol- 
unteers. 

Where did General Wheeler see service in the late war? 

He served in the engagement before Santiago, as com- 
numder of all the cavalry; and he served also, in the Phil- 
ippines. 

What daring deed did Eichard Peaison Hobsou perform 
in the Spanish American war? 

lie gunk the collier Merrimac in the channel of Santiago 
harbor, an act designed to block the chaunel. 

What special and important measure did the Legisla- 
ture of 1898-9 passi 

It passed a bill calling for a Constitutional Convention, in 
order to change the Constitution of 187.') with respect to 
suffrage. 

Why was the Convention not held ? 

The Governor, though he approved the bill calling for a 
Convention, convoked the Geneial Assembly in extraor- 
dinary sessiou, and the law was repealed. 

^^'hat was the issue of the election of 1900? 

Candidates for the Legislature in 1900 were elected on 
pledge to support the calling of a Constitutional Conven- 
tion. 

AVho was Senator Morgan's chief opponent for Senator? 

(Governor Johnston, aud both of these gentlemen made 
some personal canvass. 

What was the result? 

Senator Morgan was re-elected. 

For what was Governor Johnston's administration espe- 
cially noted ? 

Economy in the use of the State's funds. 

^^'ho succeeded Governor Johnston ? 

^^'ilIiam J. Samford, of Opelika. 

Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson county, was elected 
Governor in 189(), and re-elected in 1898, thus serving two 
terms. 

Ju 1898 the wai' with Spain was declared. Alabama 



HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 121 

was, through the exercise of the Governor, oue of the 
States most heartily ausweriug the call for voluuteers. 
Two regiments were soon mustered into service, at Mobile. 
Oue of these regiments was under Colonel E. L. Higdon, 
and the other under Colonel J. W. Cox. There was also 
a colored troop organized by Major R. L. Bullard, of the 
regular army. Captain Francis G. Caffey, of Montgomery, 
mustered in the first colored company. This fact, Captain 
Caffey's mustering in of the first colored troop, is but an 
index to the good feeling that all good citizens have always 
desired to see. The colored battalion was increased to a 
regiment later. 

President McKinley very purposely appointed William 
C. Oates and General Joseph Wheeler Brigadier Generals 
of the United States Volunteers. 

On June 3, 1898, one of Alabama's sons startled the 
world by one of the bravest and most heroic acts recorded 
in the annals of our country — the sinking of the Merrimac 
by Lieutenant Hobson. Lieutenant Richard Pearson Hob- 
son, of United States INTaval Service, was born and reared 
in Greensboro, Alabama. 

In December, 1898, the monument to the soldiers and 
sailors, on capitol grounds, at Montgomery, was unveiled. 

December 6, 1898, the General Assembly passed an act 
providing for the holding of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion, but it was repealed by a called session of the Legis- 
lature on May 10, 1899. 

The material prosperity of the State was encouraging at 
this time. This administration was one of economy in the 
use of the State's funds. 

In Septeujber, 1900, Governor Johnston represented the 
State at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in the presentation 
of gifts to the two new battleships, the Kearsaye and the 
Alabama. In his speech, the Governor congratulated the 
country on the universal good feeling. 



122 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 



CHAPTEK XXXIV 



Administrations of Governors Wm. J 
Samford and W. D. Jelks, 1900. 



When and where was Governor Samford born? 

He was born in Lee eonnty, in 1845. 

What public oflice did he hold ? 

He served in the Legislature, and was, at one time, 
President of the Senate. He was a member of the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1875. A^L ,C ■ /$'\' 

What about the inauguration of Governor Samford ? 

Governor Samford being sick at the time of inaugura- 
tion, was unal)le to take upou himself the active duties of 
the Executive department. He took the oath of office, 
at his home in Opelika. 

Who acted in the stead of Governor Samford duiing 
disability arisiug from sickness ? 

When the Legislature of 1900-01 convened, Governor 
Samford requested Senator Jelks, President of the Senate, 
to act iu his stead uutil such time as he would be able to 
assume control of the State. Accordingly, Senator Jelks 
took charge for about one month, when Governor Sam- 
ford was able to assume control. 

What measure was passed by the Legislature of ltloO-01 
respecting history and archives ? 

The Legit^lature passed au act creating the Department 
of History and Archives, to preserve the records of the 
the State, and whatever publications that can be had 
bearing on the State. Thomas M. Owen, of Birmingham, 
Secretary of the Alal)ama Historical Society, was very 
fittingly chosen to be at the head of the department of 
History and Archives. On December lOtli, 1898, the 
Geueral Assembly provided for the appointment of an 
Alabama Historv Commission of five members. The Com- 



HISTORY OV ALABAMA. 12;{ 

mission consisted of Thomas M. Owen, W, S. Wymau, S. 
W. John, Peter J Hamilton, and Cliarles C. Thaeh (of 
Auburn), This Commission made its report in the form 
of a book containing the information of whatever literature 
on Alabama tliere is in existence, -where found, and what 
is its nature, probable value, accessibility, extent, etc. 
Thomas M. Owen Mas made Chairman of this Com- 
mission. 

What Legislation was there respecting the insane"? 

The Legislature 1900-01, passed a bill appropriating 
125,000 to maintain an asylum for the colored insane, at 
Mount Vernon, in Mobile county. The Mount Vernon 
Eeservation was set apart for a Colored Insane Asylum, 
and the colored insane were to be moved from Tuscaloosa 
to that place. 

What of a Constitutional Convention ? 

The Legislature, in 1900, passed a bill calling for a 
Constitutional Convention. The measure was submitted 
to the people and they ratified the same by vote. 

When did the Convention meet! 

On May 21st, 1901, at Montgomery. 

Who was made President of the Convention ? 

John B. Knox, of Calhoun. 

W^hat did the Legislature of 1900-01 do for education ! 

The school fund was increased to about one million dol- 
lars from all sources. 

When did Governor Samford die? 

On June 12th, 1901, Governor Samford died while in 
Tuscaloosa attending a meeting of the Board of Trustees of 
the State University. Dr. W. S. Wyman, who had sev- 
eral times refused the offer of Presidency, was elected as 
President of the State University. 

Who became Governor! 

VV. D. Jelks, President of the Senate. 



124 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 



CHAPTER XXXV 



Battles Between the Confederates 
and the Federals. 



This chapter, on battles between the Federals and the 
Confederates, cliroiiologically, should come before the close 
of Governor AVatts' administration; but we place it after 
Governor Jelks' administration so as not to make any 
break in the list of the administrations of Governors. 
And, also, because these events are complete in themselves. 

CAPTURE OF CLAYSVILLE. 

Where is Claysville! 

It is in Marshall county. 

When and between whom was this battle? 

Between the Federals, and the Confederates uiuler Cap- 
tain Smith, of Jackson, March 8, ISCU. 

How weie the Federals entrenched at Claysville? 

They were occupying three houses. 

What was the result ? 

The entire force of sixty men, after spirited attack, sui- 
rendered ; and a supply of stores and property was taken. 
The Federals' loss : one killed, three wounded. The Con- 
federates' : one killed, four wounded. 

CAPTURE OF MADiSOX STATION. 

Where is Madison Station ? 
Madison Station is in Madison county. 
When was this capture, and by whom? 
The capture was on May 17th, 1S04, l)y Coufederates 
under Colonel Patterson, of Morgan county. 
How large a force had Colonel Patterson? 
The garrison was estimated at 40t) men, and Colonel 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 125 

Patterson had about 500 men aud a piece of artillery. 
What was the result? 
Eighty prisoners aud some stores were taken . 

SKIRMISH AT CHEHAW. 

Where is Chehaw ? 

Chehaw is in Macou county, uear Tuskegee. 

By whom was this skirmish 1 

This skirmish was by General Eosseau, of Kentucky, 
with about 200 Federal troops against about 400 of the 
State's reserves, together with some citizens. 

At what points did action take place, and Avhat was done? 

At Loachapoka, July 11, 1804, the Federals began to 
destroy railroad track, at Beasley's Tank, one mile and a 
half from Chehaw. The 400 reserves attacked the invad- 
ers, but were driven back. The Confederates again 
advanced, reinforced by a number of citizens, and the 
raiding party abruptly left the field and overtook their 
company at Auburn. 

What was the loss? 

Confederates' loss, six or eight killed, sixty wounded ; 
Federals' some loss. 

BATTLE OF MOBILE BAY. 

When and by whom Avas this battle? 

The battle of Mobile Bay was August 5th, 1864, Admiral 
Farragut in command of the Federals ; Admiral Buchanan 
in command of the Confederates. 

Of what did the Federal fleet consist? 

The Federal fleet was composed of four powerful iron- 
clad monitors, and fourteen steamers, and 1,500 land 
troops, on Dauphin Island, at Fort Gaines, moved there 
on 3rd. 

What was the result of the battle ? 

The enemy having opened fire on Forts Morgan and 
Gaines, were soon replied to. The foremost monitor, 
struck by a torpedo, went down, and all her crew of one 



126 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

hiiudred and tliirty, save teu, were lost. Then the Federals 
succeeded in gettiuji: into the Baj'. The Tennessee only 
left of the Confederates, she, after a time, began to attack 
the enemy alone ; she finally suirendered. 

What was the loss? 

Federals- loss: Fifty-two killed, one hundred and sev- 
enty wounded, besides the loss on the Tecumseh, which 
struck tiie torpedo. Confederates': Two killed, nine 
wounded. 

FORT MORGAN. 

M'here is Fort Morgan I 

It is near the entrance of Mobile Bay. 

AVhen did the State troops take charge of the Fort, and 
with how many men was it garrisoned? 

The State troops took the Fort a few days before the 
ordinance of Secession passed, and garrisoned it with five 
hundred and fifty men and sixty guns, Brigadier-General 
Page in command. (On Dauphin Island, four miles dis- 
tant, stands Fort Gaines.) 

When did this engagement take phice? 

On ath of August, 1864. 

How did the contest begin 1 

Fourteen ships of war standing ready to i)ass into the 
Bay, both Forts opened fire upon them, and they replied 
with vigor. 

What result at this point .' 

The Tecumseh was sunk by a torpedo, and her crew of 
one hundred and twenty lost with her. The rest passed 
safely into the Bay. Fort Gaines surrendered on the 8th. 

What reinforcements came? 

On 0th, 3,000 Federals under General Granger landed 
in rear Fort ^Morgan. 

When did the general bombardment begin ! 

On 22nd a monitor gave signal for bombardment. 

How long did the tiring continue? 

From early morning till about 9:30 o'clock, and, at inter 
vals, all night. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. V2I 

How did the garrison behave during bombardment 1 

The garrison did not reply during bombardment. 

What was the result? 

Between forty and fifty were killed or wounded. The 
Fort was completely defaced by shells. The garrison sur- 
rendered at 2:30 p. m. next day. 

CAPTURE OF ATHENS. 

Where is Athens ? 

Athens is in Limestone county. 

When and by whom was it captured ? 

September 23rdj 1864, by the Confederates under Gen- 
eral Forrest. 

How large a force had he? 

General Forest had 3,000 men and was joined by 1,500 
ot Roddy's force?. 

What was the result after first attack? 

Forrest captured horses and cantonment of the enemy 
and drove the enemy into a fort they had erected half 
mile from the city. 

What was the next move on part of General Forrest? 

During the night General Forrest surrounded the Fort 
and prepared for an attack. 

What was the result? 

Col. Campbell, after conference with General Forrest, 
surrendered the Fort with 1^400 men. 

What reinforcement came? 

Four hundred troups from the direction of Xashville, 
and they encountered a detachment of Forrest's troops. 

How long did this engagement last, and what was the 
result? 

This engagement lasted one hour, aud there were a num- 
ber killed on both sides. 

What other redoubts were there ou the way, and what 
was the result with them? 

Half a mile down the road, toward Decatur, was a 
redoubt with about fifty men, aud another one mile further 



128 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

with eighty-five men. The latter surrendered without a 
strn^<iie; the former held out till a few were killed. 

What trophies were taken? 

One thousand nine hiindied prisoners, four pieces artil- 
lery and a small waijon train. The enemy's loss was about 
forty killed, one liundred wounded; the ('<»nfe<lerates' loss 
was not over twenty killed and sixty w(>unde<l. 

"Whither did the Confederates move next? 

The Confederates move<l next northward, and camped 
eight miles from Athens. 

What captures were effected ? 

Two more block houses and seventy of the enemy witii- 
out a fire. 

ENGAGEMENT AT SULPHUR TRESTLE. 

Where is Sulphur Trestle? 

Tt is in Limestone county. 

When did the Confederates arrive at Sulphur Trestle? 

September 25th. 

How were the Federals fortified ? 

They had a strong redoubt and tw(» block houses to 
guard the trestle of the railroad. 

How large a force was garrisoned here? 

About one thousand men, of whom six hundred were 
Negro Infantry, and the rest Cavalry. 

What was the result of encounter here? 

General Forrest opened tire on them. Col. Lathrop, 
Federal Commander, was killed; the wooden works burned; 
the forces and block houses surrendered, about seventy-five 
men lay dead in slaughter houses ; thirty more being killed 
and wounded. The capture numbered three hundred and 
fifty horses, two pieces artillery, twenty loaded wagons. 

SIEGE OF SPANISH FORT. 

WlK're was theSiianith Fort .' 

Spanish Fort was situated on Conway river, an arm of 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 129 

the Teusaw, in Baldwiu couuty, seven miles due east of 
Mobile city. 

When did this siege take place? 
The siege took place March 27th, 1865. 
Of how many men did the garrison consist ? 
For the tirst five days 3,400 men, consisting of Gibson's 
Brigade of Louisianians, Ector's Brigade of Texans and 
IsTorth Carolinians, Thomas' Brigade of Alabama Eeserves, 
the latter relieved April 1st by Holtzclaw's Brigade of 
Alabamians. Now the garrison numbered 2,321 Infantry, 
506 Artillery; the whole under Brigadier-General Eandall 
L. Gibson. 

For what had this Fort been constructed ? 
To protect batteries Hur/er and Tracy, respectively, one 
and a half and two miles in the rear on the low islands, 
placed there to obstruct the ascent of the river. 
What was the composition of the attacking force! 
A number of iron-clad steamers. 
What resulted when attack was made! 
Three of the steamers were sunk— the MihmuJiee, the 
Osaffe and the Eodol])h. On April 4th, th'ere was a terrific 
bombardment from seventy pieces of artillery, which 
lasted two hours, causing the earth to almost literally reel. 
The garrison did not reply. By the last day of the siege 
ninety guns were trained on the Fort. 
What happened on the 8th ? 

At sunset on evening of 8th the Federals effected an 
entrance after overpowering Ector's veterans. 
What was the final result! 

The Confederates evacuated the works the same night 
by passing over a plank foot bridge, about two miles in 
length and two feet wide, which had been laid over the 
marshes from the Fort to the river opposite battery Trary. 
Here they found transportation deficient, and at midnight 
about 1,000 lined up and marched to Fort Blakeley, five 
miles distant. All that lefi the Fort reached Mobile safely. 



130 HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 

A number were captured in the assault and others left 
were by accident. 

How lont,^ did the siege last? 

Thirteen days. 

STORMIXG OF SELMA. 

When and l)y whom was the storming of Selma? 

The storming of Selma was under command of General 
AVilsou, on April 2ud, ISCJ."). 

What Confederate General was in charge at Selma, and 
with what force? 

General Forrest, with 8,100, of whom 1,400 were in well- 
organized brigade of General Armstrong, with about thirty 
pieces of artillery in position. 

What was the character of the engagement? 

It was mostly a hand-to-hand fight. 

What was the result ? 

The Federals captured 2,700 men and thirty-two pieces 
of artillery. The Federals probably lost about 500 men. 
Generals Forrest, Armstrong, and Roddy escaped with a 
few troops. 

SKIRMISH AT PLEASANT RIDGE. 

Where is Pleasant Ridge! 

It is on the line of Pickens and Greene counties. 

What l)attle was fought at this place? 

A l)attle between the Federals, under General Croxtou, 
and the Confederates, under General Wirt Adams. 

When? 

April ()th, ISO."). 

From where did General Croxtou come? 

(Jeneral (^roxton came from Tuscaloosa, where he had, a 
day or two before, destroyed the public buildings. 

What was the relative strength ? 

The Federals had 1,4.")0 men; the Confederates less. 

What was the result ? 

The first charge of the Confederates drove back the 



History of Alabama, 131 

invaders in confusion, and about 300 were captured, 
wounded, or killed. 

SIEGE OF BLAKELEY. 

Where was Fort Blakeleyl 

Blakeley was at the entrance of Mobile Bay. 

When did this siege occur? 

This siege lasted from April I st to 9th . 

What were the forces, and Avho were in command"? 

There were 3,500 meu, under General St. John R. Lidell, 
guarding the fortifications along the river; reinforcements 
of two divisions of Canby's forces from Spanish Fort 
swelled the enemy to abont 25,000, one division of whom 
were Negroes. On April 1st, 132,000 meu, under General 
Steele, had come to Blakeley. There were three gun- 
boats — the NashviUe, the HnntsviJle, and the Morgan. 

When did the general attack begin! 

On April 1st the Federals made one wholesale attack on 
the Avorks. Three miles of meu dashed upon the works, 
and they surrendered a few hours after that of A^jpomat- 
tox. 

ASSAULT ON FORT TYLER. 

Where was Fort Tyler? 

Fort Tyler was near the line of Georgia. 

Who occupied this Fort? 

A few youths and convalescents of a camp in the place 
— in all, 101 men. 

When did the capture occur, and who were the leaders? 

The capture occurred on the 16th of April, 1865 — a week 
after Appomattox. General LaGrange, of Wilson's Cav- 
alry, was in command of the Federals; General Tyler, of 
Tennessee, who had just recovered from a wound received 
at Chickamauga, was in command of the Confederates. 

When was the attack made, and what was the result? 

At 10 o'clock a. m. firing began. The Federals charged 



i;}2 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

up the Avoiks, but were repulsed. At 2 o'clock General 
Tyler was killed aud the Fort surrendered. This was the 
last couliiet ot the war on Alabama soil. 



Intercalary Chapter. 



LIST OF GOYEENOKS Als^D THEIR TERM OF 
SERVICE. 

AVilliani Wyatt Bibb '_ Nov. ISIO to July 1820. 

Thomas Bibb July 1820 to Xov. 1821. 

Israel Pickens i Xov. 1821 to Nov. 1825. 

John Murphy Xov. 182.5 to Xov. 1829. 

Gabriel Moore Xov. 1829 to Mar. 1831. 

Samuel B. Moore IMar. 1831 to Xov. 1831. 

John Gayle i Xov. 1831 to Xov. 1835. 

Clement C. ClayL Xov. 1835 to July 1837. 

lluo-h McVay July 1837 to Xov. 1837. 

Arthur P. Bagby Xov. 1837 to Xov. 1841. 

Beujamin Fit/patrick _Xov. 1841 to Xov. 1845. 

Joshua L. IMartin Xov. 1845 to Xov. 1847. 

Reuben Chapman Xov. 1847 to Xov. 1849. 

Henry W. Collier Xov. 1849 to Xov. 1853. 

John A. Winston / Xov. 1853 to Xov. 1857. 

Andrew B. Moore Xov. 1857 to Xov. 1861. 

John G. Shorter Xov. 186L to Xov. 1863. 

Thomas H. AVatts i Xov. 1863 to Apr. 1865. 

Lewis-Fi. Parsons June 1865 to Dec. 1865. 

]^>bert M. Patton Dec. 1865 to July 1868. 

AVilliam H. Smith July 1868 to Dec. 1870. 

Robert B. Lindsay Dec. 1870 to Dec. 1872. 

David P. Lewis L Xov. 1872 to Xov. 1874. 

George S. Houston ' Xov. 1874 to Xov. 1878. 

Ruliis W. Cobb > Xov. 1878 to Dec. 1882. 



HISTORY 



OF ALABAMA. 133 



Edward A. O'Is'eal _-___Dec. 1882 to Dec. 1886. 

Thomas Seay Dec. 1886 to Dec. 1890. 

Thomas G. Jones Dec. 1890 to Dee. 1894. 

William C. Gates Dec. 1894 to Dec. 1896. 

Joseph F. Johnston Dec. 1896 to Dec. 1900. 

William J. Samford Dec. 1900 to June 1901. 

W. D. Jelks J^ii^e 1901 to 



Scheme to Learn the Governors. 



(1) William and Thomas Bibb, the first to rule the State, 

(2) Precede Pickens, Murphy, with money at less rate. 

(3) Gabriel and Samuel Moore, with railroad, college first, 

(4) Lead the way for John Gayle, kind as any on earth. 

(5) Next Clay and Hugh McVay see State tax all repealed. 

(6) Then Bagby, Fit/.patrick, have panics, dried up fields. 

(7) Martin, Chapman, Collier, with States' Eight ques- 

tion strong. 

(8) Lead Winston, Andrew Moore, two names remem- 

bered long. 

(9) John Shorter, Thomas AVatts, coming in time of strife. 

(10) Precede Parsons, Patton, new in industrial life. 

(11) Then come Smith and Lindsay, following change 

in law. 

(12) Clear the way for Lewis, last Eepublican saw\ 

(13) Noble Houston and Cobb wrought well for ship of 

State, 

(14) Making sure O'Neal's and Seay's coming at later date. 

(15) In times of division there come forth Jones and Gates. 

(16) Then come Johnston and Samford, both having all the 

votes. 



1.34 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 



NOTES. 



Line (1) needs uo exphuiation. 

Line (2) refers to time of State bank. 

Line (3) refers to first college and first railroad. 

Line (4) alludes to Governor's many pardons. 

Line (5) when State tax was repealed, 183(5. 

Line (6) refers to panic and drought, 1837 and 1839. 

Line (7) needs no explanation. 

Line (8) refers to fact of these coming before the war. 

Line (9j means time of war. 

Line (10) refers to changed conditions. 

Line (11) alludes to the Constitution of 1868. 
'Line (12) is plain. 

Line (13) alludes to Houston's clearing off the State debt. 

Line (14) refers to fact that the State was in good con- 
dition. 

Line (15) refers to fact that the Democratic party was 
divided. 

Line (16) alludes to the party's being; united. 



PART II. 

GEOGRAPHY. 



CHAPTEE I. 



General Information and Statistics, 



Bound Alabama, 

Alabama is bounded on the north by Teuuessee, ou the 
east by Georgia, on the south by Florida and the Gulf of 
Mexico, and on the west by Mississippi. 

Between what parallels of latitude is Alabama situated! 

Alabama is situated between 30° 10' aud 35° north lat- 
itude. 

What is the area of Alabama? 

The area of Alabama is 52,250 square miles, of which 
the water area is 710 square miles. 

What is the longitude of Alabama? 

Alabama lies between longitudes 84° 53' and 88° 30' west. 

How much coast line has Alabama? 

About 60 miles of coast. 

What is the jiopulation ? 

1,828,697. 

What proportion does the colored race bear toward the 
whites ? 

The colored population is not half of the population of 
the Stat€, the white being much greater. 

What counties are north of the Tennessee Eiver! 

Lauderdale, Limestone, Madison, and Jackson counties. 

What counties on southern border of the State? 

Mobile, Baldwin, Escambia, Covington, Geneva, and 
Henry counties. 




136 IIISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 

AVhat couuties iu the extreme south- western part of the 
State? 

Mobile and Baldwin counties. 

"What counties in the extreme north-eastern part of the 
State? 

Jackson and Cherokee counties. 

"What counties in the extreme north-western part? 

Lauderdale and Colbert counties. 

What county in extreme south-western part of the State? 

Henry county. 

AVhere is Jefferson county ? 

A little north of the central part of the State. 

AVhat counties border on Jefferson? 

Walker, liloiint, St. Clair, Shelby, Bibb, and Tuscaloosa 
counties. 

Where is Montgomery county ? 

Near the center of the State. 

What counties border on Montgomery county? 

Autauga, Elmore, Macon, Bullock, Pike, Crenshaw, and 
Lowndes counties. 

Name the counties bordering on the east State line, be- 
ginning north. 

Jackson, DeKalb, Cherokee, Cleburne, Kandolph, Cham- 
bers, Lee, Eussell, Barbour, and Henry couuties. 

Name the counties bordering on the west, beginning 
north. 

Lauderdale, Colbert, Marion, Lamar, Pickens, Sumter, 
Choctaw, Washington, and Mobile counties. 

]Iow may the State be divi<led? 

The State may be divided into the Cereal Belt, embrac- 
ing the Tennessee Valley; the ^Mineral Belt, or region, 
embracing about one-third of the State south of the Ten- 
nessee Valley; the Agricultural, or Cotton Belt, embrac- 
ing about one- fourth of the State; the Timber Belt, em- 
bracing all the State south of the Agricultural Belt. The 
Agricultural Belt, or Cotton Belt, is generally known as 
the Black Belt. 



HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 137 

Name the Black Belt counties. 

Pickens, Sumter, Choctaw, Greene, Hale, Perry, Dallas, 
Lowndes, Autauga, Elmore, Monlgomery, Macon, Bullock, 
Eussell, Marengo, Wilcox, and Barbour. 

Name the chief seaport. 

Mobile. 



138 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 



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blSTOliY OF ALABAMA. 141 

What iiicnintaius in northern part of the State? 

Cumberland ]Moiintains in northeast; Jvaccoon Monutain 
between Jackson and DeKalb; Sand IMountaiu in DeKalb; 
Lookout Monntaiu in DeKalb. 

What are the Mussel Shoals? 

A series of rapids in the Tennessee, above Florence. 

How many islands belong to Alal>anui? 

Four. 

Name and locate them ! 

They are Dauphin, Petit Bois, Mon Louis, and Turtle 
Back Islands, all in the Gulf of Mexico. 

On what river is Demopolisf 

Tombigbee. 

On what river is Selma? 

Alabama. 

On what river is Tuscaloosa ? 

Black Warrior. 

On what river is Montgomery? 

Alabama. 

On what river is Eufaula? 

Chattahoochee. 

What are the principal conl fields of Alabama! 

The principal coal fields are the Cahaba, the Warrior 
and the Coosa. 

What is the character of the coal? 

Bituminous. 

IS^ote. — Bituminous means having the quality of blazing- 
like fire or lightwood when burning. 

Does Alabama export any coal ? 

Yes, mostly to the South — Cuba, Mexico, and South 
America. 

What is Alabama's rank as a coal producing State? 

Alabama ranks fourth. 

In what counties is iron ore mostly found ? 

Iron ore is found mostly in St. Clair, Shelby, Jefferson, 
Tuscaloosa, Bibb, Talladega, Calhoun, Cherokee and Eto- 
wah counties. 



142 llISTORY OF ALATJA^rA. 

COUNTIES. POPLLATIOX. COUNTY SEAT8. 

Autauga 17,915 Prattville. 

Baklwiu L 13,li)4 Daphne.' 

Barbour 35,152 C'laytou. 

Bibl) 18,408 Centerville. 

Blount 23,110 Oneonto. 

Bullock 31,044 Union Sprinos. 

Butler 25,761 Greenville. 

Calhoun 34,874 Jacksonville. 

Chambers 32,554 LaFayette. 

Cherokee 21,096 Center. 

Chilton 16,522 Clauton. 

Choctaw 18,136 Butler. 

Clarke 27,790 Grove Hill. 

Clay 17,000 Ashland. 

Cleburne 13,206 Ethvardsville. 

Coffee 20,072 Elba. 

Colbert 22,341 Tuscumbia. 

Conecuh ' 17,514 Evertireen. 

Coosa 16,144 Kockford. 

Covington 13,346 Andalusia. 

Crenshaw 10, ()68 Luverne. 

Cullman 17,840 Cullnnm. 

Dale 21,180 Ozark. 

Dallas 54,657 Selma. 

DeKalb . 23,558 Fort Payne. 

Elmore 26,009 \Yetumpka. 

Escambia ^- 11,320 Brewton. 

Etowah 27,361 Gadsden. 

Fayett-e 14,132 Fayette. 

J'^ranklin 16,511 Bussellville. 

Geneva 19,906 Geneva. 

Greene 24,182 Eutaw. 

II ale 31,011 Greensboro. 

Henry 36,147 Abbeville. 

Jackson 30,508 Scottsboro. 

Jclferson 140,420 Bii'iiiiiigham. 

J^amar 16,084 \enion. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 143 

COUNTIES. POPULATION. COUNTY SEATS. 

Lauderdale 2(5, 559 Florence." 

Lee 31,826 Opelika. 

Lawrence 20,124 Moulton. 

Limestone 22,387 Athens. 

Lowndes 35,651 Hayneville 

Macon 23,126 Tnskegee. 

Madison 43,702 Hnntsville. 

Marengo 38,315 Linden. 

Marion 14,494 Hamilton. 

Marsliall 23,289 Gnntersville. 

Mobile 62,740 Mobile. 

Monroe 23,666 Monroeville. 

Montgomery 72,047 Montgomery. 

Morgan 28,820 Decatnr. 

Peiry 31,783 Marion. 

Pickens 24,402 Carrolton. 

Pike 29,172 Troy. 

Randolph 21,647 Wedowee. 

Rnssell 27,083 Scale. 

Shelby 23,684 Calera. 

St. Clair 19,t56 Ashville. 

Sumter J 32,710 Livingston. 

Talladega 35,773 Talladega. 

Tallapoosa 1 29,675 Dadeville. 

Tuscaloosa 36,147 Tuscaloosa. 

Walker 25,162 Jasper. 

Washington 11,134 St. Stephens. 

Wilcox 35,631 Camden. 

Winston 9,554 Double Springs. 

SCHEME TO LEAEI^T THE COUNTIES. 

11 plus 5 is to 11 plus 4 

As 11x3 is to 11x2, 11x2. 

11 minus 5 is to 11 minus 2 

As 11x3 minus 1 is to 11x2 plus 11. 

So is the number 11 — 7. 



144 irrsTOKY of Alabama. 

To scheme of coimties observe the following rules: 

(1) That eleveu is the pivot number, aud begins each 
calculation as well as each line. 

(2) Observe that in first line 5 follows eleven, and 4 
follows eleveu, aud that first line is addition, 11 plus 5:=1G, 
aud 11 plus 4=15. 

(3) That 3 aud 2 follow eleveu iu second line, and that 
second line is multiplication, thus, 11x3^33, and llx2=:22, 
and 11x2=22. 

(4) That iu second line 11x2 is repeated. 

(5) That in third line sulitraction is emi)l<>yed : 11 — a 
is to 11 — 2. The figures 5 aud 2 being used, resulting in 
G and 9. 

(()) That the fourth line is multiplication, with sub- 
traction and addition, thus, 11x3 miuus 1 is to 11x2 plus 11, 
resulting in 32 aud 33. 

(7) That fourth line uses figures 3 minus 1 ami plus 2. 

(8) That iu liltli line sul)tracti(>n is used thus, 11 minus 
7, and that figure 7 is used, resulting in 4 as answer. 

SCHEME OF COUNTIES WORKED OUT. 

11 plus 5 is to 11 plus 4=1G15, as 11x3 is to 11x2, 11x2 
^332222. 11 minus 5 is to 11 miuus 2^G9, as 11x3 minus 
1 is to 11x2 plus 11=3233. So is the uumber 11 minus 7 
^4. Now arrange these figures thus — 

1 G 1.") 3 3 '' '* '* 2 () 9 3 2 3 3 .5 

Next, take the couuties in alphabetical order: 
There is one county beginning with A. 
There are six couuties beginning with B. 
There are tifteen couuties beginning with C. 
There are three couuties beginuing with D. 
There are three counties beginuing with E. 
There are two counties beginning with F. 
There are two couuties beginuing with G. 
There are two couuties beginning M'ith II. 
There are two couuties beginuing with J. 



illSTORY OF ALABAMA. 145 

There are six comities beginuing- with E. 

There are nine connlies begin uiiig with M. 

There are three counties beginuing with P. 

There are two counties beginuing with R. 

There are three counties beginning with S. 

There are three couDties beginniug with T. 

There are four counties beginning with W. 

It will be observed that this plan divides the counties 
into groups according to the letters, thus making the learn- 
ing of them very simple and easy. By this j)lan you will 
learn the counties of each letter, as if the i^rocess were 
independent of what is to follow. Learn the counties 
beginuing with A as if this completed the list. In like 
manner proceed with all of the letters. 

'Now, as to the correctness of the proi^ortion in the 
scheme, we would say there is no pretension, but that it is 
merely used to an end. Of course, this scheme does not 
take the place of learning the counties; it merely facili- 
tates the learning of them. 



14G HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

DIAGEAM OF TLAX OF SURVEY 





K 
























I 


E 




1 


































































R 












A 




! 


1 


1" ^ : • 1 


B 


C 


) 


G 




- 


li 



D 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. I'i^ 

DIAGRAM OF A TOWNSHIP IN SFCTIONS. 



6 


5 


4 


3 


o 


1 

12 

13 

24 

25 

36 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


18 


17 


16 


15 


14 
23 

26 

35 


19 


20 


21 


22 


30 
31 


29 
32 


28 
33 


27 
34 



A B — principal base. 
C D — principal meridian. 
E F — first standard parallel uortli. 
G H— first standard parallel south. 
I K — first guide meridian east. 
The point O is the initial point. 

Surveys have a starting place called the initial point. 
In Alabama, the initial point is near St. Stephens, in 
Washington county, and through this point is the princi- 
pal base, running east and west. 

The line formed by surveying east and west is called the 
base line— A B in diagram. 

North and south through this point is run a line called 
the principal meridian— C D in diagram. 

Twenty- four miles, or four townships north of principal 
base line, another line parallel to principal base is run— 
E F in diagram . This is called first standard parallel north. 
Thirty miles, or five townships south of principal base 
line, another line is run i^arallel to principal base— G H 
in diagram'. This line is called first standard parallel south . 
Forty- eight miles, or six townships east, a line is run 
parallel to the principal meridian— I K in diagram. This 
line is called the first guide meridian east. 

Forty -eight miles, or six townships west, a line is run 
parallel to principal meridian — K L in diagram. This 
line is called the first guide meridian west. 

This diagram, as explained, is the basis of the surveys, 



148 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

witliiii wbicli t()\vn8liii)s arc fojiuetl. A towiisliip is a 
square six miles each way.^ 

Observe that the readiiiii" of any particular township is 
(lone ill this way : 

(1) All towiisliips east of tbe principal meridian, C D, 
are said to be in ranjj;e east; all west of i)riiicipal meridian 
are said to be in ran<^e west. 

(2) All townships north of base line A l> arc read north; 
all south of base line arc read south. 

Example to be read: 

Observe township marked '^P" is read as follows: 

Township 1 north, ranii;e 1 east. 

Township "K'" is read, Township 2 north, range 1 east. 

Most townships in Alabama are "range east" because 
principal meridian is in western part of State, at St. 
Stei)heiis, thus making most of the territory of the State 
east of the prinripdl meridian. 

Each township is siil)-divided into thirty six sections, 
one mile square each ; sections are numbered from 1 to .'i6. 

Which sections were school lands? 

The sixteenth section in each towiishii) in origin;il sui'vey 
was set ai)art for school purposes. 

What has become of the sixteenth sections? 

In most cases, the land has been sold and the money 
used for school purposes. In a few cases, the laud remains 
unsold to the credit of the schools of the particular section 
in which it is situated. 

^\'hat is a range? 

A tier of townships running north or south of the base 
line is a range. 

A\'hat other section besides the sixteenth was set apart 
for school purposes? 

The thirty-sixth. (See township diagram.) 

The diagram on survey is not according to any scale, but 
simply exj)lains the survey as described. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA, • 149 



CHAPTER IT. 



The River System of Alabama, 



How does the River system of Alabama compare with 
that of other States of the Uuion ? 

Of all the States in the Union, Alabama has the greatest 
nnmber of valuable water-ways. 

THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 

Where is the Tennessee river 1 

The Tennessee river crosses the northern part of the 
State, The Tennessee rises in the south-eastern part of 
Tennessee, Hows through northern Alabama, and 
flows into tlie Ohio at Paducah, Kentucky. This river is 
1,037 miles long, one-third of which is in Alabama. 

THE MOBILE RIVER. 

Describe the Mobile river. 

The Mobile river is formed l)y the junction of the Ala- 
bama and Tombigbee rivers, about 42 miles above the 
city of Mobile; flows between the counties of Baldwin and 
Mobile and flows into the Mobile Bay just below the city 
of Mobile. 

THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 

Describe the Tombigbee river. 

The Tombigbee is formed by the junction of the Upper 
Tombigbee and Black Warrior, in the northern part of 
Marengo county, just above the city of Demopolis; flows 
South, touching the counties of Marengo, Sumter, Choc- 
taw, Clarke, and Washington, and unites with tbe Ala- 
bama to form the Mobile, after having run a course of 256 
miles. 



].")() HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 

UPPER TO:\rBIGBP:E RIVER. 

Describe the Little, or Upper Toiiibigliee river. 

The Upper Toinbigbee rises in the north -western part of 
Mississippi, flows south and touches Alabama at Pickens 
county, and continues a southerly course to northern 
Marengo, where it joins the Tilack Warrior to form the 
Tom))igbee river, 

AMiere is Tensaw river? 

In Baldwin county. 

Where is Escambia river? 

In Escambia county. It flows into Pensacola, 

THE BLACK WARRIOR RIVER. 

Describe the Black Warrior river. 

The Black Warrior is formed l)y the union of Locust and 
Mulberry Eorks on the border of Walker and Jettersoa 
counties, flows south-western course and unites with the 
Upper Tombigbee to form the Tombigbec. Navigable 
only during high water. 

SIPSEY RIVER. 

Describe the Sipsey river. 

The Sipsey river rises in Fayette county, flows south- 
west for 185 miles, and tlows into the Tapper Tombigbee, 

KOXUBEE RIVER. 

Describe the ISToxubee river. 

The Noxubee river rises in Mississippi, flows into Ala 
bama for more than ]()0 miles, and flows into the Ijipcr 
Tombigbee above Gainesville, in Siimtei- county. 

THE ALABAMA IMVKR. 

Descrilx' the Alabama ri\ cr. 

The Alabama ii\er is formed by the junction of llie 
Coosa and Tallapoosa, eleven miles below the city of We- 
tumpka, and touches the counties of Elmore, ^Montgomery, 
Autauga, Lowndes, Dallas, AVilcox, ^lonroe, Clarke, and 
Baldwin, and unites with the Toml)igbee to form the 
Mobile. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 151 

CAHABA RIVER, 

Describe the Cahaba river. 

The Cahaba river rises in St. Clair county, flows between 
Shelby and Jefferson, and through Bibb, Perry, and 
Dallas, and flows into the Alabama, nineteen miles below 
Selma. 

THE COOSA RIVER. 

Describe the Coosa river. 

The Coosa river has its source in north-western Georgia, 
at Rome, takes asouth-w^esterly course into Alabama, then 
south-easterly and unites with the Tallapoosa to form the 
Alabama, eleven miles below Wetumpka. Its length is 
about 315 miles. 

TALLAPOOSA RIVER. 

Describe the Tallapoosa river. 

The Tallapoosa river rises iu the western portion of 
Georgia, takes a south-westerly course, and unites with 
the Coosa to form the Alabama 18 miles above Mont- 
gomery. 

Where is the Perdido river ? 

Between Baldwin county and Florida. 

Where is the Yellow river 1 

In Covington county, mainly. 

Where is Pea river ? 

Mainly in Coffee and Geneva. 

Where is Xorth river? 

In Fayette and Tuscaloosa counties. It flows into the 
Black Warrior. 

Where is the Flint river ! 

In Madison county. It flows into the Tennessee. 

Where is the Elk river ! 

In Limestone county, and between Lauderdale and 
Limestone. It flows into the Tennessee. 

Where is Paint Rock river ? 

In Jackson county and between Madison and Marshall 
counties. 



152 HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 

Where is theSepulgi river? 

It is ill the south central part of the State. 

CHATTAHOOC'HEE RIVER. 

Describe the Chattahoochee river. 

I'he Chattahoochee river rises iu north western 
Georgia, takes a southerly course to Alabama, thence 
a southerly course between Georgia and Alal)ama tor more 
than 100 miles and iiows iuto the Appalaehicola, in 
Florida. 

CHOCTAW HATCHEE RIVER. 

Describe the Choctawhatchee. 

The Choctawhatchee rises in Barbour county, Alabama, 
and flows thiongh Heniy, Dale, and Geneva counties, 
thence iuto Florida, llowing into Choctawhatchee Bay. 

CONECUH RIVER. 

The Conecuh rises in Bullock county, Alabama, and 
flows in a south-westerly direction to the State boundary 
line between Alabama and Florida. It flows into the 
Escambia river. The Conecuh is used mainly for rafting 
timbers. 

MOBILE BAY' AND HARBOK. 

What are the dimensions of the bay ? 

The length of the bay, from its mouth to the city 
wharves, is thirty miles. Its width at its entrance from 
the Gulf is three and one-fourth miles. It is said to be a 
safe harbor and that no vessel has ever been lost by storm 
in the bav. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 153 



CHAPTER III. 



Cereal Belt. 



THE TEN^J^ESSEE VALLEY. 

Whore is the Teunessee valley! 

It sweeps directly through the Cereal Belt. 

How does it compare with other places in the United 
States? 

The Tennessee valley, in the language of another, is 
'^more lovely than the plains of Texas, when clad in vernal 
loveliness; more lovely than the plains of Illinois; more 
lovely than the Bine Grass regious of Kentucky; more 
lovely than the Miami valley of the Ohio; more lovely 
than the Shanandoah valley of Virginia; more lovely 
than the Genuessee valley of New York." It is divided 
in twain by the Tennessee river. 

How many counties are embraced in the Tennessee 
valley? 

There are eight counties in the Tennessee valley. 

Name them. 

They are Landerdale, Limestone, Madison, Marshall, 
Jackson, Morgan, Lawrence, and Colbert. 

What is its extent! 

It is about twenty miles wide and two hundred miles 
long. 

It reaches from Georgia in on the east to Mississippi on 
the west. It is walled in by mountain ranges both on the 
north and on the south. 

What are the chief agricultural products! 

The chief agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, 
barley and rye. The chief fruits are pears, apples, 
peaches, and grapes. The hardier frnits grow here to 
perfection. 

What of stock raising! 

Of late, stock raising has received much attention. 



154 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Clover and grasses are largely cultivated. There are 
inagiiiticeiit forests. Near western edge of the valley, 
brown iron ore is found. 

LAUDERDALE COUNTY. 

Where is Lauderdale county? 

Lauderdale county is in the north-western part of the 
State, north of the Tennessee river; the Tennessee 
river bordering its entire south and west boundaries. 

For whom named ? 

Colonel Lauderdale, of Tennessee. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1818; area about 720 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil? 

The northern portion is uneven, the southern more 
level; the soil varied. In the south, the soil is redish; in 
the north, grayish. There are vast forests of timber. 
West of Florence, in the bend of the Tennessee river, is a 
large valley known as Colbert Eeservation. In this valley 
are the most fertile lands. 

What river forms the south-western l)0undary ? 

Elk river. 

What of minerals ? 

Brown hematite iron ore is found in immense beds. 
Marble, building stone, and limestone are found. At 
Florence are the Florence Normal School and the Synodi- 
cal Female College. At Florence are, also, many manu- 
facturing establishments. 

What of mineral waters ? 

Springs having medicinal properties are found in several 
l)arts of the county. 

The most noted are Bailey's Springs, near Florence; 
also, Taylor's Springs. 

Name chief town. 

Florence. 

Muscle Shoals canal, IG miles long, with fall of 85 feet 
in that distance, was completed by the General Govern- 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 155 

nieut in 1S02, at a cost of more than four and a half mil- 
lions of dollars. It is regulated by nine locks. This canal 
opens up the Tennessee river to navigation the greater 
part of the year. 

In this county there is a saltpetre cave on Elk river. 

MADISON^ COUNTY. 

Where is Madison county 1 

Madison county is north of the Tennessee river, and 
west of Jackson county. The Tennessee river forms its 
southern boundary. Flint river, with its tributaries, 
waters northern and eastern portions. Paint Rock river 
is on the south-east boundary. 

For whom named! 

President Madison. 

When was it formed and what is its area 1 

It was formed in 1808; its area is 872 square miles. 

What minerals are there 1 

Coal is found, and iron is believed to exist. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

In the north and north-west parts the surface is broken; 
the eastern part is mountainous. The soil is varied, red 
predominating. In wealth and production of cotton, Mad- 
ison leads all other Tennessee valley counties. The water 
IDOwer is immense and there is much, timber. 

Name the chief towns. 

Huntsville, New Market, Maysville, Gurley and Madi- 
son. At Huntsville are manj^ manufacturing enterprises. 
Three miles from Huntsville is the Mathew's Jersey farm, 
the most celebrated in the world. Monte Sauo, a charm- 
ing resort on the mountain summit, near Huntsville, with 
a princely hotel, is one of the most desirable resorts in t^lie 
Union. At Normal, near Huntsville, is located the 
A. & M. College for the colored race. At Huntsville there 
is a female college. 



156 HISTORY OF AL.M'.AMA. 

]\r A KSI I x\ LL COU N T Y . 

Where is Marshall connty ? 

It is both north and south of the Tennessee river and 
east of Morgan county. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1836 ; area 560 square miles. 

AVhat of the surface and soil ? 

The Tennessee river divides the county, making high 
lauds and low lauds with varied soil — gray and red mainly. 
A valley rnuniug from north-east to south west divides the 
county into two ill visions. There is much timber. The 
northern boundary is Paint Rock river, which separates 
IMadison county from Marshall county. 

Wh at of m i uerals ? 

They are known to exist only. 

Kame chief towns. 

Guntersville, AVarrentou, Ilenryville, Claysville, Albert- 
ville, Oleauder and 3Iatichester. 

For whom is Marshall county uamed! 

Chief Justice Marshall. 

In this county, nine miles from Guutersville, in the fall 
of Short Creek, is a small but picturesque cataract. Near 
Guitersville there is a large cave. Ou the river are 
several artificial nmunds from which bones and brass have 
been taken. 

JAdvSOX COUNTY. 

Where is Jackson county? 

Jackson county is in the uorth-easteru part of the State. 
For whom uamed? 

GeiuMal Jackson, the hero of Xew Orleans. 
When was it formed, and what is its area? 
It was formed iu 1810 ; area 990 square miles. 
What of the surface and soil ? 

The Tennessee river divides the county. Kac<'oou 
Mountain is on south-east; spurs of the Cumberland ou the 



aiSTORY OF ALABAMA. 157 

north-west. There are inaiiy forests. The soil in the vallej^ 
is fertile. There are some mineral springs. 

What minerals are there? 

Coal and iron; and an unlimited supply of marble and 
limestone. Saltpetre is found here. Sand uiouutains are 
also in the county. 

Xame the chief tow us. 

Long Island, Bridgeport, Bolivar, Stevenson, Fackler, 
Scottsboro, Bellefonte, Larkinsville, Limrock, AVoodville, 
Paint Eock. 

In Jackson couuty, there is a saltpetre cave near Scotts- 
boro, M'hich was utilized by the Confederates in time of 
war. There is a vast cave near the ceuter of the county. 

MOEGAN COUNTY. 

Where is Morgan couuty ! 

Morgan couuty lies south of the Tennessee river, east of 
Lawrence county, and north of Cnllman couoty. 

For whom named 1 

General Daniel Morgan, of Pennsylvania. 

When was it formed, and what is its area! 

It was formed in 1818; area 700 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil 1 

The surface is divided into four natural terraces: 
(1) The bottoms next to the Tennessee ; (2) the land of 
seveuty-five feet or more higher; (3) the terrace upon Lit- 
tle Mountain ; (4) the laud southward to foot of Sand 
Mountain. There are all varieties of soil. 

What of manufactories? 

At Kew Decatur are many manufactories, and car shops. 

What mineials? 

The minerals are chiefly coal and limestone. • 

Name chief towns. 

Decatur, New Decatur, Falkville, Trinity, Hartselle, 
Somerville, Leesburg, Danville, and Valhermoso Springs. 



158 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

LAWRENCE COUNTY. 

"Where is Lawrence county? 

Lawrence county is south of the Tennessee river and 
west of Morgan county. 

For whom named? 

James Lawrence, of Vermont. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1818; its area is 790 square miles. 

What of tlie surface and soil? 

From east to west Courtland and Moulton valleys extend; 
Courtland in the north and Moulton in the south, and 
between them Little JMountain (a detached portion). Lit- 
tle Mountain region is light and sandy soil ; the two valleys 
have mulatto and dark soils. 

Name chief towns. 

Moulton, Conitland, and Leighton. 

COLBERT COUNTY. 

Where is Colbert county ? 

Colbert county is in the north-western part of Alabama, 
south of the Tennessee river. 

For whom named? 

The famous Chickasaw Chief. 

When Mas it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1807; its area is 570 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil? 

From east to west extend through the county Little 
Mountains. North of the mountain is Tennessee Valley; 
south, Russell Valley, The soil in the valleys is redish 
loam ; the hills, lighter soil. 

What minerals are there? 

Ihown hematite ore is found in inexhaustible (piantities 
in southern part; sand and limestone are tound, also. 

Name chief towns. 

Tuscumbia, kSheflield, Cherokee, Chickasaw and Leighton. 

Tuscumbia wiis founded 181 8. Shellield, 1884. 



HISTOIJY OF ALABAMA. 159 

LIMESTONE COUNTY. 

Where is Limestone county ? 

Limestone county lies directly north of the Tennessee 
river, east of Lauderdale. Elk river Hows tlirough the 
north- west. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1818; its area is 500 square miles. 

What of the suiface and soil ? 

The southern portion is of more uniform surface. 
Limestone has all varieties of soil which belong to the 
Tennessee valley. The southern portion exceeds the 
northern in fertility. 

For whom named? 

From a creek of that name. 

What of minerals ? 

As yet but little attention has been given minerals. 
Specimens of lead have been found in the Elk river hills; 
also have been found specimens of iron ore and coal. 
Slate exists in immense quantities. 

Name the chief towns? 

Athens, Mooresville, Elkmont, Eowland. At Athens 
is located the North Alabama Agricultural School. 

Although in the Cereal Belt, Limestone products con- 
siderable cotton. 



100 HISTORY OF ALAKAMA. 



CHAPTER IV. 



The Mineral Belt. 



What does the ^Mineral Belt embrace? 

The Mineral Belt is more than one-third of the State — 
twenty-six counties. 

Xame the mineral counties. 

Frajiklin, Marion, Winston, Walker, Cullman, Blount, 
Jefferson, Shelby, Talladega, St. Clair, Etowah, DeKalb, 
Cherokee, Calhoun, Cleburne, Clay, Kandolph, Chambers, 
Lee, Tallapoosa, Coosa, Chilton, Tuscaloosa, Bibb, Fayette, 
Lamar. 

COAL. 

Xamc the coal lields of special note in the Mineral Belt. 

The Wairior, the Coosa, and the Cahal)a coal liehls. 

What is the extent of the Wanior coal iieldsf 

Summed up, the Wni'rior coal tields would make a bed 
7.") miles by .")0 miles, ]() feet thick. 

What is the extent of the Cahaba coal fields? 

The Cahaba coal fields are alxmt 400 scjuare miles. 

What is the extent of the Coosa coal lields? 

The Coosa coal fields cover about 400 square miles. 

The Cahaba coal fields, estinuiting the output at 10,000 
tons per day, l*rofessor McCalley says, would last about 
1,100 years. 

The coal is remarkable for its firmness and its capacitj' 
to resist atnu)spheric changes. 

The Coosa coal fields, at 10,000 tons per day, would last 
]()") years. 

The Warrior coal fields, at 10,000 tons per day, esti- 
mated, would la.st J 0,27.") years. The Warrior coal is well 
adajyted to the prodiution of gas and s<^eam, as Mell ns 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 161 

lilted for domestic purposes and the shop of the ))hiek- 
smith. 

IRON. 

The beds of this ore are so numerous that it is impossi- 
ble to poiut out the localities where it prevails. It lies 
close to coal, making its manufacture far easier than in 
most other sections of Ameiica. The most valuable out- 
croppings, thus far, are found in St. Clair, Jefferson, and 
Shelby. Brown iron ore abounds in the regions south of 
the Tennessee river. It is already mined in St. Clair, 
Cherokee, Etowah, Calhoun, Talladega, and Bibb coun- 
ties. Besides these are to be found gold, silver, copper, 
tin, lead, graphite, asbestos, emery, gypsum, ochre, 
asphalt, marble. Kaolin, fire clay. 

FRANKLIX COUNTY. 

Where is Franklin county ? 

Franklin county lies south of Colbert county. 

For whom named ! 

Benjamin Franklin. 
• When was it formed, and what is its area! 

It was formed in 1818; its area is 610 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil "? 

The northern half is called Russell valley; the southern 
half is a high table land and the soil is akin to the Ten- 
nessee valley counties. 

What of minerals "? 

Immense beds of iron and coal are found. 

Name the chief towns ? 

Belle Greene, Frankfort, Russellville and Center Line. 

MARION COUNTY. 

Where is Marion county ? 

Marion county lies south of Franklin county. 

For whom named? 

General Francis Marion. 



162 IlISTOUY OF ALAHAMA. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1818; its area is 810 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil? 

The surface is broken, with much forest; and the soil is 
di versified. 

What of minerals in this county '? 

There are rich deposits of minerals. 

N'aaie the chief towns. 

Hamilton, Pikeville, Shottsville, Guinn, Darlington, 
Barnes ville. 

WINSTOX COUNTY. 

Where is Winston county? 

Winston county lies south of Lawrence and west of 
Cullman. 

For whom named ? 

Governor John A. Winston. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1850, and till 1858 was known as Han- 
cock; its area is 510 siiuare miles. 

W^hat of the soil and surface ? 

The surface is much broken, Byler Ridge, in the 
western part, divides the county into two parts; the 
soil is thin. 

What of minerals ! 

Winston is in heart of the Warrior coal lields. The 
entire county is but a coal bed. 

Name chief towns. 

Double Springs, Houston, Littleville, Motes, Dehna, 
Ark, Larissa. There are in Clear creek, two waterfalls 
300 feet apart, and each 'M) feet. 

What other minerals besides coal and iron ? 

Slate, building stone, granite and copper are found. 

Natural liridge, ime mile west of thedeimt that bears its 
name, on the Northern Alabama Railway, is the most 
wonderful natural scenery in the State. This bridge is 
120 feet long, 20 feet wide, and G2 feet high. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. " 163 

WALKER COUNTY. 

Where is AValker coiiuty ? 

Walker conuty is west of Jeffersou. 

For wliom named ■? 

John W. Walker. 

When was it formed, and what is its area "? 

It was formed in 1824; area is 880 s<iuare miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

Sandy soil, mostly; surface bi'oken; there is much loLg 
leaf pine. 

How does Walker rank as a coal field ? 

The richest of all the counties — entire county is but a 
coal bed. 

IS'ame the chief towns. 

Jasper, Holly Grove, South Lowell, Carbon Hill, 
Elridge, Townley, Cardova, Horse Creek, Oakman. 

CULLMAN COUNTY. 

Where is Cullman county ? 

Cullman county is south of Morgan county. 

For whom named? 

JohnG. Cullman. 

When was it formed, and wtiat is its area ? 

It was formed in 1877; area is 650 square miles. 

What of minerals ? 

Coal and iron abound. 

What special crops deserve notice? 

Truck farming products are to be found in abundance. 

What of the surtace and soil ? 

The surface is one broad mountain plateau; hence, 
mostly level; the soil is thin. 

Name chief town. 

Cullman. Cullman is a German colony of flourishirg 
qualities. 



104 History of Alabama. 

BLOUNT COUNTY. 

Where is Blouut e ninty ? 

Blouut county is north of Jefferson county. 

For whom named ? 

Governor A\'m. G. Blount, of Tennessee. 

When was it formed, and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 181S; its area is 700 S(|nare miles. 

What minerals are there ? 

Coal and iron abound. 

What special crops deserve notice? 

Fruits — apples not excelled on the continent. 

Name chief towns. 

Blountsville, Oneonta, Bangor, Summit, Flanceville, 
Garden City. 

What of the surface aiul soil! 

Through center of the connty is a plateau 8 miles to 10 
miles wide; on one side, parallel with plateau, is Brown's 
valley; on the other, Muri)hree's valley. These valleys are 
fertile; the plateau is good fi)r fruit raising. 

Blount Springs, 130 miles north of Montgomery, situa- 
ted immediately upon the Louisville & Nashville railroad, 
is a favorite watering place of Alabanui. The waters are 
good for dyspepsia, scrofula, etc., and bladder troubles. 

There are numerous caves in this county, some of which 
contain saltpetre. One belongs to that class called blow- 
ing cave — the air taking an outward course in summer, 
and inwartl course in winter. 

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Where is JefTerson county ? 

Jefferson county is near the center of Alabanm. 

For whom named ! 

Thonms Jefferson, 

When was it formed, anil what is its area? 

Jefferson was formed in 1810; has 060 square miles. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 165 

What of the surface and soil 1 

The surface is broken, often mountainous. Jones valley 
contains the most fertile farming lauds. 

How does Jefferson rank in minerals'? 

It is one of the iirst counties in the Slate in the amount 
of coal and iron. 

What of manufactories. 

Tn and around Birmingham, Bessemer, and other cities, 
are many manufactories of various kinds. 

What of the altitude of Birmingham? 

Birmingham is 200 feet higher than Blount Springs, 40 
miles north. Jefferson county is 700 feet above the level 
of the sea. 

Name chief towns ? 

Birmingham, Bessemer, Ely ton, Pratt Mines, Oxmoor, 
East Lake, Ensley. At East Lake are located Howard 
College, and East Lake Atheneum. 

SHELBY C0U:NTY. 

Where is Shelby county! 

Shelby county is south and east of Jefferson county. 

For whom named 1 

Governor Shelby, of Kentucky. 

When was it formed and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1818; area 780 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is broken; the soil diversified. 

What of minerals? 

Coal and iron abound; also, stone and lime are found at 
Saluria and Longview. 

What special works deserve notice.^ 

Extensive manufactories of iron at Shelby and iron works 
at other points. 

Name the chief towns. 

Wilsonville, Harpersville, Calera, Columbiana, Helena 
and Montevallo. 

Just above Calera, on the East Tennessee, Virginia & 



3 06 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Georgia jailroad, are Shollty Springs, a favorite watering 
place. Ttie waters have valuable nietlicinal qualities. 
1'here are immense lime works at Longview and Saluda. 
At ^lonlevallo is the Montevallo Industrial School, a 
State institution for white girls. 

TALLADEGA COUl^^TY. 

"NVbere is Talladega count}? 

Talladega county is north of Coosa county, and is sep- 
arated from Shelby by the Coosa river. 

For whom named ? 

For Indian town. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1832; the area is 700 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is rugged; the soil varied. There are val- 
uable forests. 

AVhat of minerals in this county ? 

Varied and valuable. 

I^anie the chief towns. 

Talladega, Childersburg, Alpine, Mumford, Eenfroe and 
Jenifer. 

Xear the eastern border of the county, below the 
Kahatchee hills, is the well known Sulphur Springs, with 
most attractive surroundings. 

At Talladega are the Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute 
of the State, and Talladega College, an excellent school for 
colored people, under the American Missionary Association. 

ST. CLAIR COUNTY. 

A\'here is St. Clair county ? 

St. Clair county is east of Jefferson county. 

For whom name<l ? 

General Arthur St. Clair. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in ISKJ; its area is ().'>0 s([uare miles. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 167 

What of minerals! 

The Red Mountains run through this county and in 
these mountains are inexhaustible quantities of coal. The 
most valuable part of the Coosa coal field is in this county. 
Limestone is found in great abundance, also marble. 

What mountains in the county 1 

On the north-eastern boundary, Strait or Blount, moun- 
tains; in the north-western part, Chandler Mountain. 

What valleys deserve notice ! 

The Coosa valley and the Cahaba valley, comprising the 
most fertile lands. 

Name the chief towns. 

Ashville, Coal City, Eagland, Inraan, Henry Ellen and 
Springville. 

ETOWAH COUNTY 

Where is Etowah county ? 

Etowah county is situated in the north-eastern part of the 
State, west of Cherokee county. 

For whom named 1 

Indian name. 

When was it formed and what is its area? 

It was formed in 180(); its area is 520 square miles.' 

What mountains in the county 1 

Sand Mountain, width about 10 miles; Lookout Moun- 
tain, width about 5 miles. 

What of minerals? 

Immense quantities, said to be about fifty million tons 
iron ore, when summed up; vast quantities of coal, sixteen- 
mile mountain of limestone. The present output is 600 
barrels per day. Chert is found; and maganese is fouud 
in large quantities. 

Seventy per cent, of the county is in forests. 

Name the chief towns ? 

Gadsden, Attalla, Alabama City. 



1()8 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

dekalb county. 

AVbere is J)eKiilb {•ouiity! 

DeKalb county is in the north-eastern part of the State. 

When was it formed, and what is its area .' 

It was formed in 1836; area is (JoO square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

Seventy-five per cent, of the county is in forest. There 
are portions of Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain in 
the county; the soil in the bottoms is heavy lime, on the 
plateau a sandy loam. 

Name the chief towns. 

Fort Payne, Colli nsville, Lebanon, Valley Head and 
Portersville. 

In the north-western part of DeKalb is the fall of Little 
river. In this river there is a small volume of water 
thrown over a precipice sixty-five feet below. 

A short distance below this cataract are the remains of 
a fortress of semicircular form of three or four feet cavers 
in the river bluff, which was evidently used as a citadel. 
This fortress can be reached only by a foot-path overhang- 
ing a yawning chasm cut by the river beneath. 

CHEROKEE COUNTY. 

Where is Cherokee county ? 

Cherokee county is in the north-eastein part of the 
State; east of Etowah and south of DeKalb. 

For whom named? 

An Indian tribe. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1830; its area is 6<>0 s<iuare miles. 

What of minerals in this county? 

Vast deposits of iron ore and coal are found. 

AVhat of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is uneven and sometimes mountainous; in 
the valleys red and brown loam; uplands are grayish. 

Name the chief towns. 

Center, Cedar IShilTand Hayles\ille. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 169 

The Coosa river flows through the heart of this county. 

Brooratown valley, in the north-western corner of the 
couuty, is very fertile. 

In the northern part of the county is a cataract of much 
beauty in Little river. A sheet of water, about 10 feet 
deep and 100 feet wide, falls perpendicularly 30 feet into 
a rock basin of great depth. The river then flows through 
a narrow chasm for about seven miles, 90 feet to 120 feet 
deep. At the confluence of Walfe creek is a large cave, 
and has a spacious entrance in the west bank of the river, 
and is one of the most beautiful caves in America. The 
antechamber is about 100 feet long, 50 feet wide, with a 
concave dome 30 feet high, 

CALHOUN COUNTY. 

Where is Calhoun county? 

Calhoun county lies in the eastern part of the State, 
north-east of Talladega county. 

For whom named? 

John C. Calhoun. 

When was it formed, and wtiat is its area? 

It was formed in 1832, then known as Benton, changed 
to Calhoun 1858; area is 610 square miles. 

What valleys deserve special notice? 

Alexandria and Choccolocco valleys are both very fertile. 

What of minerals? 

There are ore fields and coal beds and limestone in abun- 
dance. 

Name the chief towns. 

Anniston, Jacksonville, Oxanna, Oxford, Piedmont, 
Morrisville, Germania, Choccolocco, and White Plains. 

At Jacksonville tliere is a Normal school, and at Oxford 
a college of considerable repute. 



170 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

CLEBURNE COUNTY. 

AN'bere is Clobunie county ? 

Cleburne couuty is iu the eastern part of the State, 
east of Calhoun. 

For whom named? 

General Patrick Cleburne, of Arkansas. 

W'lien was it forinod, and what is its area? 

It was formed iu 18GG; its area is 540 S(]uare miles. 

What of minerals! 

A1)nndance of stone for building, and <;old mines and 
iron are found. 

What of the eurface and soil ? 

Innortherneud arenig^ed hills, and in it also mountains, 
with intervening valleys. Along slopes good farming 
lands with yellow subsoil are found. The valleys are of 
reddish hue. Other soils are grayish. 

Name chief towns. 

Eiwardsville, Heflin, Arbachohee, ChuUifiunee. 

CLAY COUNTY. 

Where is Clay county ? 

Clay county is east of Tallapoosa and west ot Ean- 
dolph. 

For whom named? 

Henry Clay. 

When was it formed and what is its area? 

It was formed in ISOG; its area is (JIO square miles. 

What of minerals i 

A great variety of minerals is found, including gold, 
silver, tin, mica, manganese. 

What of the surface ami soil? 

The western portion is monntairous with dark fertile 
soil; the eastern, varied surface with soil of sandy loam. 

A mountain range extends from south-west to north-east 
through the county. In northern portion, west of this 



HIHTOKY OF ALABAMA. 17] 

rauge, is a rich valley. The water power is iinmeuse. 
Much forest abounds , 

Name the chief towns. 

Ashland, Liueville and Delta. 

EANDOLPH COUNTY. 

Where is Randolph county "? 

Randolph county is in eastern part of the Slate, north 
of Chambers and east of Clay. 

For whom named ! 

John Randolph, of Virginia. 

When was it formed, and what is its area"^ 

It was formed in 1832 ; its area is 610 square miles. 

What of the- surface and soil"? 

It has been called the Switzerland of America; the soil 
is thin. 

What of minerals 1 

It has gold, copper, graphite, mica and kaolin, and the 
last named inexhaustible in quantity. 

Name chief towns. 

Roanoke, Wedowe.e, Rock Mills. 

CHAMBERS COUNTY. 

Where is Chambers county ! 

Chambers county is in the eastern part of the Slate, 
south of Randolph, north of Lee, and separated from 
Georgia by the Chattahoochee river. 

For whom named! 

Hon. Henry Chambers, of Madison county. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1832; area is 600 square miles. 

What of the surtace and soil ? 

The land is rolling; the soil red and gray. This is one 
of the best average counties for farming purposes in the 
State. 



172 HISTORY OF ALAMAMA. 

What special fruits? 

Peaches in abundance. The famous Paruell farm has 
1,000 acres in peaclies. 
Name the chief towns. 
LaFayette, Blufttou, Cusseta, Fredonia and ]\Iilton. 

LEE COUNTY. 

Where is Lee county ? 

Ijee county is in the eastern part of the State, South of 
ChamV)ers. 

For whom named! 

Eobert E. Lee. 

"When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in ISGO; its area in 010 scjuarc miles. 

"What of minerals'? 

Only abundance of lime rock. 

"What of the surface and soil ? 

The soil is gray, red, and sandy — ^ray leading in 
amount; the surface. 

Xame the chief towns. 

Opdilca, Auburn, Salem, JMicnix City. 

At Auburn is located the State Polytccliiiic Institute. 

TALLAPOOSA COUNTY. 

Where is Tallapoosa county ? 

Tallapoosa county is situated in the eastern central part 
of the State. 

J^or whom named ? 

Tallapoosa river. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in iS;32; its area is 810 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil 1 

The Tallapoosa river divides the county into east and 
west Tallapoosa. The surface is generally undulating, 
though a large part is level. ]\Iucli long leaf pine is to 
found. 



HLSTOKY of ALABAMA. 173 

Falls in the streams make this county pre-emineut la 
water power. The soil is red ami gray. Some gold is 
found. 

There is immense water power in the streams, owing- to 
falls. In southern part of county is the famous Tallapoosa 
Falls, beiug .53 feet inclination, rushing along a steep for 
200 yards. 

N^ame the chief towns, 

Dadeville, Alexander City, Camp Hill, Daviston, Dud- 
leyville.. 

COOSA COUNTY. 

Where is Coosa county? 

Coosa conuty is north of Elmore county. 

For whom named ? 

Coosa Eiver. 

When was it formed, and what is its area! 

It was formed in 1832; the area is 070 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil! 

The surface is uneven; the soil red and gray. 

What minerals are there ! 

Between Weoguffka and Hatchet creeks iron ox'e seems 
inexhaustible. There are some other minerals. Much 
long leaf pine is found, 

Name the chief towns. 

Rockford, Kelleytou, Bradford, Nixburg, Goodwater, 

BIBB COUNTY. 

Where is Bibb county ! 

Bibb county is north of Perry county. 

For whom named? 

William Bibb, the first Governor of Alabama, 

When was it formed and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1818; it was then known ag Cahaba 
county, changed same year to Bibb; area is G40 square 
miles. 



] 74 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

A\'hat of tlie surface and soil ? 

The uortheru part is very billy; the southern orenerally 
rolling or level; the soil is mostly red. Forests of long leaf 
pine are found. There is great water power in this county, 
owing to falls in the streams. 

What of minerals '? 

Iron, marble, coal, and limestone are found in abnnd 
auee. The whole northern portion is but a coal bed. 

Along the precipitous hills are solid walls of valuable 
stone 50 feet high. Blocks of limestone as big as a cottage 
may be seen. This scene is along both Little and Big Ca- 
hal)a rivers. There are immense forests. 

Xame the chief towns. 

Centreville, Scottsville, Six Mile, Blocton, Randolph, 
Green Ford, Brierfield. 

FAYETTE COUNTY. 

Where is Fayette county? 

Fayette county is in the western part of the State, west 
of Walker county. 

For whom named ? 

General La Fayette. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1824; its area is (>6() sijuare miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is divided thus: — Sipsey valley about 20 
miles by one ]Mile; Luxapalia valley, about the size of the 
Sipsey. Water power is great. The soil is generally 
brown loam and red. 

What of minerals in this county? 

Iron ore and coal are found in abundance; also gold and 
red ochre, and building stone are found. Chalybeate 
and Sulphur Springs are found. 

Name chief town. 

Fayette, C. H. 



HISTORY OV ALABAMA. 175 

CHILTON COUNTY. 

Where is Chilton county 1 

Chilton county is near the center of the State, north of 
Autauga county. 

For whom named ? 

Judge W. P. Chilton. 

When was it formed, and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1868, being known as Baker county 
till 1875; its area is 700 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ! 

The surface is irregular, the soil is brown with red pre- 
dominating. Pine forests are extensive 

What of minerals in this county ? 

Not abundant, though in great variety. 

Name chief towns. 

Clanton, Maplesville, Verbena, Mountain Creek. Ver- 
bena and Mountain Creek are summer resorts, chiefly, for 
citizens of Montgomery. 

TUSCALOOSA COUNTY. 

Where is Tuscaloosa county ! 
Tuscaloosa county is ^\*est of Jefferson county. 
For whom named 1 
Indian name. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 
It was" formed in 1818; area is 1390 square miles, 
What of the surface and soil 1 

The surface is generally broken, the central and south- 
ern portions are most productive. 

There is abundance of long leaf pine. Water power is 

great. 

W^hat of minerals! 

The coal is regarded the thickest in the world, and more 
than half the county is underlaid with it. 

Name the chief tow^ns. 

Tuscalsoosa, North Port, Cottondale, and Foster's. 



176 HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 

At Tuscaloosa is located the State UDiversity, and tlie 
Insane Asylum, for whites. 

LAMAE COUNTY. 

Where is Lamar couuty? 

Lamar county is on north-western border of the State, 
north of Pickens and south of Marion county. 

For whom named ? 

J, Q. C. Lamar. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

Lamar was formed in 1866, and named Jones; in 1868 
changed to Sanford; in 1877 to Lamar; its area is 576 
square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ! 

The last of the foot hills of the AUeghaney are found in 
the northern part of the county. There are great falls in 
the streams. The soil is red and gray. 

What of minerals in this county? 

About half the county is underlaid with coal; ii'on, also 
abounds. 

Name the chief towns. 

Vernon, Sulligent, Crews, Kennedy, and Millport. 



CHAPTER V. 



The Cotton or Black Belt. 



Where is the Cotton licit ? 

The Cotton, or IMack IJelt, of Alabama lies directly south 
of the great Mineral Belt of the State. 

What is its extent ? 

The Black Belt extends from east to west limit of the 
State, 13,610 square miles. 



SiSTORY OF ALABAMA. 177 

How many coiiuties iu the Black Belt! 

There are 17 counties in the Black Belt. 

Name the counties of the Black Belt, 

They are Pickens, Sumter, Choctaw, Greene, Hale, 
Marengo. Perry, Dallas, Wilcox, Autauga, Lowndes, 
Elmore, Montgomery, Macon, Bullock, Eussell and Bar- 
bour counties. 

What is the character of the soil ? 

The soil in the richer portions is veiy black or of a dark 
color, and immensely rich. 

How does this soil compare in fertility with other por- 
tions of the country? 

No more fertile laud is found in all America. 

PICKENS COUNTY. 

Where is Pickens county 1 

Pickens county is on the north-western border of the 
State, 
west of Tuscaloosa county. 

For whom named ? 

General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1820; its area is 1,000 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil °? 

The surface is somewhat broken, and the soil is sandy 
loam, clay and lime. There is much forest. 

What of mineral springs? 

There are several mineral springs near Carrolton, the 
county seat. The famous Indian Spring is just a half 
mile east of the county court house. 

Name special table land. 

From Lubbub creek to the Tombigbee river, known as 
''Cross Roads," ''Francouia" and "Garden" neighbor- 
hoods cannot be excelled for fertility in Alabama. 

Name the chief towns. 

Carrolton, Pickensville, Vienna. 



178 HISTORY OF ALABAAFA. 

SUMTER COUNTY. 

AVliere is 8iiiiiter county? 

Suuiter count}' lies on the Mississippi border, south and 
west of Greene county. 

For whom named ? 

General Thomas Sumter, of South Carolina. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1882; area 1,000 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is undulating; the soil in northern part is 
black prairie; iu southern part sandy. 

What is "Flatwood"? 

'^Flatwood" is a stretch of land three miles to five miles 
wide, near the center of the couuty. 

What minerals are foun<l f 

Beds of lignite, and marl are found. 

What rivers? 

There are theTombigbee and Noxubee rivers, both nav- 
igable. 

Name chief towns. 

Gainesville, Livingstone, Cuba, Warsaw, York, Belmont, 
Sumterville, Brewerville. At Livingstone is a State nor- 
mal college. 

What of mineral waters? 

There is a mineral well at Livingstone, more than 1,000 
feet deep, Persons resort here from all parts of the Union. 

The waters are said to be good for dyspei)sia, etc. 

CUOCTAW COUNTY. 

Where is Choctaw county ? 

Choctaw county is iu the western part of the State, west 
of the Tombigbee river, and north of A^ashingtou couuty. 
For whom named ? 
The Indian tribe of that name. 
When was it formed, and what is its area ? 
It was formed in 1847; its area is 03Q square miles. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 171) 

What of the surface aud soilf 

Tliere are extensive pine forests; the soil is black prairie 
aud saudy loam, and there are some hills. 

What rivers are there ? 

The Tombigbee, oq eastern border of the eouuty. 

Whatof miueral waters in Choctaw? 

Bladou Springs are situated just three miles from the 
TombigbeCj in this county. From the mud, near these 
springs, is mannfactured a medicine called Acid Iron 
Earth. The water has high medicinal qualities. 

GEEENE COUNTY. 

Where is Greene county ! 

Greene county is in the western partof the State between 
the Black Warrior and the Tombigbee rivers, with Sipgey 
river on the northern boundary. 

When was it formed, and what is its area! 

It was formed in 1819 ; area 520 square miles. 

For whom named ? 

General Nathaniel Greene, of Rhode Island. 

What of the surface and soil! 

In the south-west broad prairies; in the north-west and 
north, the land is broken, with clay foundation. 
Name chief towns. 

Eutaw, Forkland, Boligee, Clinton, Pine Ridge and 
Knoxville. 

What minerals! 

Green sands and marl beds are found. 

HALE COUNTY. 

Where is Hale county ! 

Hale county is situated east of Greene county and west 
of Perry county. 
For whom named ! 
Colonel Stephen F. Hale. 
When was it formed, and what is its area ! 
It was formed in 18G7; its area is 670 square miles. 



ISO HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Whal of the surface and soil? 

In the northern, part it is hilly and sandy; in the mid- 
dle, level and somewhat reddish, in the southern, black 
prairie of marvelous fertility; in the north-westeru part, 
an abundance of long leaf pine. By trial, it is found that 
the famous red wood and cedar of California grow 
readily in the soil of Hale. The Japan cedar flourishes 
here. 

What grass deserves special mention? 

The famous melliloius comes to perfection, and its 
seed are shipped to all i)arts of the South. 

Name chief towns ? 

Greensboro, Newberne, Akron, Havana. At Greens- 
boro is located the the Sonthern l^nivcrsity, Methodist 
State Col lege. 

In Hale county, on the line of Hale and Tnscaloosa 
counties, by the river side, there is to be found a group of 
twenty artiticial mounds. They average about twenty feet 
in lieight. One is about forty feet. Skeletons have been 
found in them. 

MARENGO COUNTY. 

"Where is Marengo county? 

Marengo county is north of Clarke county, and is 
bounded on the west by the Tombigbee. 

Whence is the name derived ? 

From French settlers. 

When was it formed, and what is its area?. 

It was formed in 1S18; area is 900 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

Northern strip, about six miles wide, is prairie; next, 
sandy clay about 12 miles wide; aud the rest pine land 
with long leaf pine. 

Name chief towns. 

Demopolis. Faunsdale, Jefterson, Spring Hill, Dayton, 
McKinley, Thomaston, aud Linden. At Demopolis is an 
artesian well with mineral properties. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 181 

WILCOX COUIsTTY. 

Where is Wilcox county? 

Wilcox county is south of Dallas county. 

For whom named'? 

Lieutenant Joseph M. Wilcox. 

When was it formed and what is its areaf 

It was formed in 1819 ; area 960 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil 7 

The general surface is uneven, with much level land; 
black prairie and alluvial soil. Green sand marl is found. 

Name chief towns. 

Camden, Snow Hill, A^llenton, Pine Apple, Eehoboth, 
Lower Peachtree, Pine Hill, Arlington, Centennial, Gas- 
tonburg. 

DALLAS COUNTY. 

Where is Dallas county? 

Dallas county is near the center of the State, adjoining 
Wilcox county. 

For whom named? 

Alexander Dallas, of Pennsylvania. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1818; area 954 square miles. 

How does Dallas rank as a cotton county ? 

It has the first place. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is generally undulating and there are black 
prairie, clay land, and alluvial soils. 

What of its mineral waters ? 

In the city of Selma there are more than 100 artesian 
wells, many having curative properties. 

Name chief towns. 

Selma, Orville, Saffold, Pleasant Hill, Summerfield, 
Burnsville, Plantersville, Carlowville, Bridges, Eichmond, 
Beloit, Martins. 



]S2 lllsroUY OF ALAI5AMA. 

PERKY COUNTY. 

Where is Perry county ? 

Perry county is situated near the center of the State, 
south of Bibb county. 

P'or whom named ? 

Commodore (). H. J*erry, 

\Yhen was it formed, and what is its area.^ 

It was formed in 181i); its area is 790 sijuare miles. 

What of the suiface and soil 1 

Perry is hilly in the northern part, M'ith red sandy 
land; in south, level, black prairie predominating;;. 

Name chief towns. 

Marion, Tniontown, Hamburg. 

In Marion are located the .ludson Institute, the IMarion 
Feniale Institute, and The Marion Military Institute. 

LOWNDES COUNTY. 

Where is Lowndes county 1 

Lowndes county is south of Autauga county, and west 
of Montgomery county. 

For whom named. 

Hon. William H. Lowndes, of South Carolina. 

When was it formed, and what is its area. 

It was formed in 1830, and its area is 740 s(|uare miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is generally rolling, aiul the whole county 
lies within the prairie belt, but there is some upland. 

What is the south-eastern part of the county called ? 

It is locally called "Little Texas.'' 

Name chief towns. 

Ilayneville, Lowndesboro, P>enton, Ft. Deposit, Leto- 
hatchie, and Calhoun. 

At Calhoun is located the Calhoun Industrial School for 
colored. 



HISTORY OF ALA 15AM A. 131 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 

Where is Moutgomei'y comity ! 

Montgomery county is near the center of the State. 

For whom named! 

Maj. Lemuel P. Montgomery, of Virginia, 

When was it formed, and what is its area ? 

It was formed in ISlfi; and its area is 740 square miles. 

What of truck farming ? 

Near the city of Montgomery are many truck farms with 
valnable incomes. 

What of the surface and soil "? 

There are three different kinds of soil: Black prairie, 
red land, and pine land; the surface is generally level. 

What special facts are worthy of note about the city of 
Montgomery "? 

Forty-two passenger trains, not local, enter Montgomery 
daily. The city is surpassed only by Memphis in wholesale 
grocery business as an inland city, in the entire South, 

Name chief towns. 

Montgomery, Highland Park. 

ELMOEE COUNTY. 

Where is Elmore county ? 

Elmore county is north of Montgomery county. 

For whom named 1 

Gen. John A. Elmore. 

When was it formed and what is its area ! 

It was formed in 1866 ; its area is 630 square miles. 

What of manufacturing chances 1 

The water jjower makes this county second to none in 
the State for manufactoring chances. The government has 
improved the river, at Wetumpka, by locks. 

What of the surface and soil. 

The surface is generally rolling, with about three-fourths 
pine forests. 



184 11 ISTOR Y O K A LA HAM A . 

Name chiei' towns. 
Wetninpka, Elmore, Tallassee. 

At Tallasssee aud ^yet^lnpka are vast cotton factories. 
A plant, utilizing the falls at Tallassee, is about to be 
put in operation to supply eU'ctricity to Montgomery. 

BIXLOCK COUNTY. 

AVhei-e is Bulloelv: county ? 

liullock county is east of Montgomery county and south 
of Macon county. 

For whom named ? 

Col. E. C. liullock, of Eufaula. 

Wheu was it formed and what is its area? 

Tt Avas formed in lSf)(); its area is <!()() scpuire miles. 

A\'hat of the surface and soil ? 

From east to west, through the middle of the county, 
extends a range of low hills, called Chunnenuggee 
Ridge, forming a water shed. North of the ridge are 
prairie lands, and the lighter lands are south of it. 

Name chief towns. 

Union Springs, iMidway, Enon. 

MACON COUNTY. 

Where is Macon county t 

Maeou county is north of Bullock county, and east of 
Eussell county. 

For whom named? 

Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina. 

^Vhen was it formed, and what is it area? 

it was formed in 1832; it« area is iKSO scpmre miles. 

What of the surface and soil? 

The surface is undulating, except in the north, some- 
M'hat hilly: in the north and north-east, the soil is light; 
in the south and south east, and south west, the soil is 
fertile. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 185 

What of minerals? 

Red Ochre has been found on Red Creek. 

IS'aine chief towns. 

Tuskegee, Ifotasulga, LaPhice, Warrior Stand, Society 
Hill. At Tuskegee are located the Tuskegee Normal aixl 
Industrial Institute, for colored; the Alabama Couference 
Female College; The Alabama High School for boys. 

RUSSELL COUNTY. 

Where is Russell county. 

Russell county is in the eastern pai't of the State, 
north of Lee county, and south of Barbcur county. 

For whom named 1 

Colonel Russell, of Mobile. 

When was it formed, and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1832; its area is G70 sciuare miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The general surface is undulating and in some portions 
broken; five or six miles west of the Chattahoochee are 
fine loam lands; then begin the more elevated talkie lands, 
which are red. There is some prairie. 

Name chief towns. 

Seale, Girard, Hurtsboro, Jeruigan. 

BARBOUR COUNTY. 

Where is Barbour county. 

Barbour county is in south eastern part of the State, 
north of Henry and Dale counties. 

For whom named ? 

Governor Barbour, of Virginia. 

When was it formed, and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1832; its area is 8G0 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The northern portions are hilly; the southern, generally 
level. Barbour creek divides the county into two sections. 



186 IIIS-IOUV OF AL.Vr.AMA. 

North of Barbour creek are the most fei'tile hiuds; south 
of this creek are lij^hter lands. 

Name chief towns. 

Eufauhi, (Uavton, Ijouisville, Bates\ille. 

Al'TAlXiA cor XT V. 

Where is Aiitaii.ua county ? 

Autau<4a county is north of Lowndes and west of Elmore, 
which latter is north of Montgomery couuty. 

For whom named .' 

From Indian word Autaugi. 

When was it formed, and what is its area ? 

It was formed in ]8!S; its area is (JGO s({uare milw. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is generally l)roken and undulating; the 
soil is of all kinds, with but little prairie. 

More than half of the county is covered with long leaf 
pine. The Alabama liver is ou the southern border of the 
county. 

Name chief towns. 

Autauga and Pratt\ illo. 

In 1846, Daniel Piatt built his cotton mill, at Pratville. 
The Pratt Cotton Gins, made at Prattville, have a world- 
wide repatatioa. More gins are manufactured here than 
at any other place in the United States. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. IS 7 



CHAPTER VI. 



The Timber Belt. 



What is the Timber Belt? 

All the southern portion of the State of Alabama is 
embraced in the division known as the Timber Belt, 

How many counties in this belt"? 

There are fifteen counties in the Timber Belt, viz., 
Washington, Mobile, Baldwin, Clarke, Monroe, Escambia, 
Couecuh, Bntler, Covington, Crenshaw, Pike, Coffee, 
Geneva, Dale and Henry counties. 

What is the extent of this section ? 

It extends from east to west across the Stale, and is 
about one hundred and fifty miles wide 

What crops are produced best in this section? 

The chief agricultural products are citton, corn, oats, 
potatoe**, sugar cane, and especially root ciops, fruits and 
vegetables. There are vast forests of long leaf pine. 

CONECUH COUNTY. 

Where is Conecuh county? 

Conecuh county is in the southern part of the State, 
north of Escambia county and east ot Monroe county. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1818 ; its area is 840 square miles. 

Whence is derived the name? 

The Conecuh river. 

What of the surface and soil? 

Most of the county is covered with the loug leaf pine. 
The soil is sandy loam, red clay, and lime. 

What of minerals? 

Marl and mica are found. There is a mica bed near 
Evergreen. Limestone of snowy whiteness abounds. 

Name chief towns. 



18S HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

Everjireen, Casllebeny, (Jnivella, Bollville, Bntoklyii, 
and Eeptoii. 

Ill I'^Norjirecn there is a mineral sjiiin.e; of note. 

Ill Conecnh ccnnty, on Conecnh river, are three striking; 
artilieial mounds, from which Spanish coins have been 
taken. From one of these mounds there has been taken a 
monsti'ons jaw l)one, larger than an ordinary adult jaw-bone. 

On Yellow liver there is a cave of \ast extent. 

DALE COUNTY. 

Where is bale county? 

Dale county is iu the southern and eastern part of the 
State, west of Henry connly. 

Whea was it formed, and what is its area? 

Dale county was formed in l.S,"')4 ; area (>~)() siiuare miles. 

For Avhom named? 

Sam Dale, of canoe-light fame. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

The Choctawhatehee river divides the county into north 
and south portions; north of the river the land is rolling; 
south, it is level. North of the river the soil is light loam; 
south, light sandy. 

Name chief towns. 

Ozark, Cloptou, Newton, Daleville, and Echo. 

At Ozark there is a fertilizer factory. 

CRENSHAW COUNTY. 

Where is Crenshaw county? 

Cienshaw county is situated in the southern pait of the 
State, south of Montgomery county, and west of Pike 
county. 

When was it foi-med, and what is its area? 

It was formed in J.S(ir»; its area is <)«»() sijuaie miles. 

For whom named? 

Anderson (^I'enshaw. 



HISTOHY OF ALABAMA. 180 

Wbat of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is undulating. The soil, in central part, is 
very limy; in south, red, and pine lands. The southern 
half of the county h;is extensive pine forests. There is 
considerable limestone in Crenshaw. 

Name chief towns. 

Rutledge, Luverne, Rocky Mount, Honoraville, New 
Providence, Bullock, Mount Ida, Leon, Highland Home. 

GENEVA COUNTY. 

AYhere is Geneva county'? 

Geneva county lies on extreme southern border of the 
State, west of Henry county. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1868; its area is 618 square miles. 

Whence is derived the name"? 

From its chief town. 

What of the surface and soil? 

The surface is generally level. The soil is generally a 
light sandy loam; in eastern part are line lime lands; in 
south east valuable red lime lands. 

Choctawhatchee penetrates the center of Geneva. 
Steamers ascend the Choctawhatchie as far as Geneva. 
Pea river traverses western part of Geneva. 

Name chief towns. 

Geneva, Mellville, Coffee Springs. 

COVINGTON COUNTY. 

Wh'ere is Covington county? 

Covington countj- lies on line of Florida, midway of the 
State. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1821; its area is 1,030 S(|uare miles. 

For whom named! 

General Leonard Covington. 



190 HISTORY OF Af-.VI!AMA. 

AMuit olthe surface and soil? 

The siiri'ace is iimlulatin":. Tlieie are some lakes iu 
southern part. There are vast forests of pine. The soil is 
a gray, saudy loam. 

Name chief towns. 

Andalusia, Flovala, Race Hill, Red Level, Fairfield. 
Loaugo, Eiver Falls, Rome, Vera Cruz, Halton, Green Ray. 

RUTLER COUNTY. 

Where is Riitler county ? 

Butler county lies south of Lowndes county. 

For whom named? 

AVilliam Butler. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

]t was formed in 1819; its area is 800 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil .' 

The general surface is rolling, with some hills in the 
west. In the north-western portion, red land ; in the 
southern, red and gray. 

What of minerals? 

Needle iron ore is found. Limestone in \ast (|uantities, 
in north-west; phosphates is found here also. 

Name chief towns. 

(ireen\ ille, Georgiana, Garland, Monterey, Forest Home. 

At Greenville are two schools of high repute. 

This conty is somewhat noted for its mineral springs. 
Butler Si)rings ha\e long been noted for their mineral 
waters. McUall's well, within three miles of Greenville, 
is a most remarkable one. Its waters are pronounced the 
strongest of mineral waters in America. This watei' is 
good for dyspepsia, all phases of eru])li(ins. and some 
organic tionbles. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 19 J 

COFFEE COUNTY. 

Where is Coffee comity? 

Coffee county is iu southern part ol" the State, south of 
Pike county. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1841 ; its area is 700 square miles. 

For wlioni named? 

Generiil John Coffee. 

What of the surface and soil? 

In the main, the surface is level ; but in the northern 
portion broken and hilly. Within coiporate limits of the 
town of Elba, three rapid streams come together, viz : 
Pea river, White river, and Beaver Dam creek. There 
are great rapids in these streams. Much pine forest is in 
this county. 

Name chief towns. 

Elba, Victoria, Cliutouville, and Brauuou. 

PIKE COUNTY. 

Where is Pike county ! 

Pike county lies south of Montgomery county. 

Wheu was it formed, and what is its area? 

Pike was formed in 1821 ; its area is 740 square miles. 

For whom named? 

Zebulon Pike. 

What of the surface and soil? 

In the northern and central portions. Pike is hilly; the 
rest of the county is lai'gely level. Indifferent parts are 
sandy ridges with clay foundation ; in some parts are lime 
and clay lands ; the best land is in southern part of the 
county. 

What is Chunnenuggee Ridge! 

It is an elevation or ridge in the eastern part of the 
county. There are valuable ])me forests ; and, hence 
many mills. 



192 HISTORY OF ALAISAMA. 

Xaine cliief towns. 

Troy, Brmulidge and Orion. 

At Troy is located a State iS'ornial School. 

HKXHY (X)T\\Ty. 

Where is Henry county? 

Henry county is situated in the south-eastern i)art of 
the State. 

When was it formed ; and w hat is its area? 

Tt was formed in ISP.) ; its area is 1,000 scjuare miles. 

For whom named ? 

Patrick Henry. 

What of the soil and surface? 

The upper portion of the county is Itroken and rollinu"; 
the southern, level. In southern j;ortion, sandy soils pre- 
vail; in northern, lij;ht sandy loam; alouj; tlie Choctaw- 
hatchee, dark, rich, mulatto land ; south-west, rich lime 
lauds. 

For what is Henry county specially noted? 

It is noted for its dry atmosi>here, ])roltal>l\ not excelled 
in the Uuion as a suitable i)lace for consumptives. 

Xame the chief towns. 

A1»I)cvillc, Dothan, Columlda, Ciordctn, Headland, and 
Lawrenceville. 

At Abbeville is an aj;iicultural school under auspices of 
the Scale. 

WASHINGTON COITXTY. 

Where is Washinjjtou county ? 

Washiu{;ton county is in the south -we:^tern part of the 
State, north of Mobile county aud south of Choctaw county. 

For whom named ? 

(Jeorue AN'ashington. 

M'hen was it formed, and what is its area? 

Washin<;tt)n county was formed in ISOO, by proclanui- 
tiou of Winthrop Sargent, Governor of Mississippi Terri- 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 11).'{ 

toiy ; its area is 1,050 square miles. It was the first county 
formed in tlie limits of Alabama. 

What of its siirtace and soil ? 

The general surface is rolling • the northern tier of town- 
ships is shell prairie, river bottom, rich alluvial soil, and 
the rest pine lands. There is an abundance of long leaf 
pine. 

Name chief towns. 

St. Stephens, Mcintosh, Calvert, Deer Park, Escatawpa, 
Fruitdale, Healing Springs, Koenton, and Frankville. 

In Washington county are many valuable springs with 
medicinal properties. The most noted are Healing Springs, 
in northern j^art of the county, on M. & O. Kailroad, six- 
teen miles from the Tombigbee. The four principal ones 
are : Creek Spring, good for kidney troubles, etc ; Mound 
Spring, good for dyspepsia, skin troubles, etc.; McCartney 
Spring, good for chronic troubles; Scholes Spring, good for 
chronic constipation, etc. 

MOBILE COUNTY. 

Where is Mobile county? 

Mobile county is in the extreme south-western part of 
the State. 

For whom named ? 

An Indian name, Mauvila. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1813; its area is 1,200 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

In the northern and western portions of the county, the 
surface is undulating; along the coast, it is flat. The soil 
is mainly light. There are vast forests of pine. 

Name two chief businesses. 

Truck farming and fish and oyster businesses ; the former 
aggregating more than one million dollars a year. 

Name chief towns. 

Mobile, Whistler, Cttronelle, Mount Vernon, and Spring 
Hill. 



194 HISTORY OF ALAP.A:\rA. 

BALDWIN COUNTY. 

AVhere is Jialdwiu couuty? 

Balwin county is in the extreme south-western part of 
tbe State. 

For whom named? 

Abraham Balwin. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 

It was formed in 180i); its area is 162(> square miles. It 
is the largest county in the State, and it is larger than the 
State of Rhode Island. 

What of the surface and soil? 

The northern part is undulating; the southern, level. 
The greater portion is covered with pine forests. 

What is the chief lousiness ? 

Lumber and turpintine business. The soil has clay 
bottom. 

Name chief towns- Dai)hne, ^Montgomery Hill, IMont- 
pelier, Stockton, Bay Miuette. 

CLAEKE COUNTY. 

Where is Clarke county ? 

Clarke county is situated north of Balwin county, be- 
tween the Alabama and the Tombigbee rivers. 

For whom named ? 

John Clarke. 

When was it formed and what is its area? 

It was formed in 1812; its area is 1,160 Sifuare miles. 

What of the surface and soil ? 

There is a southward slope to the junction of the Ala- 
bama and the Tombigbee rivers. The ridge between these 
two rivers causes all streams to run either west or south- 
west. The soil is shell prairie, river bottom, gray and 
pine lands. There are excellent pine forests. 

In Clarke county are found l)oncs of an animal called 
Zeougledon, an immense sea animal something like the 
modern whale. At some places the bones were so numer- 



HISTOEY OF ALABAMA. 11»5 

ous as to be used for fenciug. A vertebral colunm, seven 
feet long, with bones of head and limbs of this animal is 
found in the Boston Museum. 

Name chief towns. Grove-^^ill, Clarkville, Barlow 
Bend, Coffeeville, Thomasville. 

MONEOE COUNTY. 

Where is Monroe county ! 

Monroe county is south of Wilcox and east of Clarke. 

For whom named 1 

James Monroe. 

When was it formed and what is its area ? 

It was formed in 1815; its area is 1030 square miles. 

What of the surface and soil? 

The surface is broken in the northern part, central and 
southern part, undulating. The soil is pine land, alluvial 
and loam. Extensive forests are found. 

Name chief towns. Monroeville, Perdue Hill, Beuna 
Vista, Burnt Corn, and Pineville. 

Monroe Springs, in the northeostern part of the county, 
are valuable for their mineral properties. What minerals 
are found? Greene sand and marl are found. 

ESCAMBIA COUNTY. 

Where is Escambia county ? 

Escambia county is on the Florida line, east of Balwin. 
For whom named? 
Escambia river. 

When was it formed, and what is its area? 
It was formed in 1868; its area is 1000 square miles. 
What of the surface and soil ? 

The surface is generally level and has vast pine forests. 
The soil is generally light, sandy loam. 
What are the chief occupations ? 
Lumber and turpentine business. 
Name chief towns. Brewtou, Pollard and Flomaton. 



PART III. 



CHAPTEE I. 



The Negro as a Slave Before 1819. 

The first Xejiro iu Alabama, as far as authentic record 
shows, was left here by DeSoto in 1540. Owing to sick- 
ness on the part of the Negro, DeSoto was comi^elled to 
leave him in the eastern part of the State. 

The first slaves iu the Louisiana Territory, of which 
Alabama formed a part, were eighty Indians, there being 
no Negroes, as yet, 3 70S. In 1712, the Louisiana Territory 
had three hundred and twenty-four souls, tweuty of whom 
were Negroes. In the year 1717, the whole population of 
the Lousiana Territory was seven hundred. There were 
some Negro slaves valued at 060 livres, or about ^122.00 
each, to be paid for in rice or tobacco. In the year 1720, the 
ship Hercules landed one hundred and twenty Negroes 
from Guinea, Africa. This was under the French rule. 

As early as the year 1708, when there were no Negroes iu 
the Louisiana Territory, and the fact learned that the In- 
dian slaves would resort to the woods when pressed too hard 
in the fields, and the fact learned that the low lands were 
detrimental to white men, Bienville, Governor of Louisiana 
Territory, recommended that the colonist be allowed to 
send Indians to the West India Islands, and there exchange 
Indian slaves for Negroes, who were at that time in Iwndage 
in the West Indies. The exchange was to be three Indians 
for two Negroes. This plan of exchange miscarried, for 
the islanders would not part with their "good Negroes." 
It is but just to say in this connection, that the low lands 
of the States of Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina, 
witli their humid atmosi)here, could never have been 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 197 

brought under successful cultivation without Negro labor. 
There are some low lands in Alabama, too, along the rivers, 
where only the Negro can survive. 

In the year 1722, the company that had the control of 
Louisiana Territory issued an ordinance prohibiting the 
inhabitants from selling their Negroes to the Spaniards, 
or other foreigners, or taking them out of the colony, under 
severe penalty besides their confiscation. 

In March, 1721, the Afrlcaine, a ship of war, landed at 
Mobile, with 120 Negroes. She was succeeded by the 
Maire, with 338 more. The Neride, a third ship, came 
with 238 Africans. The foregoing vessels were French. 
As early as the time of Beiuville, there was a code known 
as the Black Code, which prohibited the inter- marriage 
between whites and blacks. 

The negro was not without some bravery, even in these 
early years. In 184(5, at the battle of Ackia, between the 
French and the Chickasaw Indians, which battle lasted 
three hours, victory perched upon the banner of the 
Chickasaws and defeat and disgrace upon that of the 
French. 

The French officers, suming up the result after the bat- 
tle, were taunting and jeering a negro named Simon, be- 
cause his company of negroes had fied from the field at 
the time of battle. Simon himself, be it said to his good 
credit, maintained his ground during the entire engage- 
ment. Soon there was seen a drove of horses coming down 
to the stream to slake their thirst. Simon, in resentment 
to those who taunted and jeered him, seized a rope and 
ran off toward the horses, saying: ^'I will show you that 
a negro is as brave as any one." 

He passed around the horses, the Chickasaws firing 
upon him, and made his way to a beautiful white mare, 
threw a rope over her head, mounted upon her back, and 
with lightning speed landed into the French lines. Simon 
did not receive a wound, and it goes without saying, that 



lOS IlISTOWY OF ALAIJAMA. 

he was welcomed and was uo more made sport of on ac- 
count of the retreat of his company. 

In the 5' ear ISOO, "Washington county, Nvhich was then 
a part of Mississippi Territory-, had 744 whites; 41)4 Ne- 
groes, 23 of whom were free negroes. The counties of 
Baldwin and Mobile, which were not as yet counties, 
probably had as large a population. 

In the year 1801, a party of North Carolinians, consist- 
ing of Thomas ^lalone, a young clerk in the land office at 
Kaleigh, and others, together with sixty Negroes, came to 
Alabama in wagons, and landed in the valley of the Ten- 
nessee, and from there made their way down to the 
"Bigbee" settlement, near St. Stephens. The party con- 
structed two rough canoes in which they descended the 
river, but before they had gone more than two miles the 
craft struck some obsti-uction and was sunk. It was a.s- 
certained that one white child and twenty-one Negroes 
were lost. This was in midwinter and there was no fire 
to be had, except two miles away through the woods. 
It was night now. In the midst of the suspense as to who 
would offer some relief, a resolute young Negro volunteer- 
ed to go back to the old camp, two miles away, and bring 
some fire. Tn about two hours the Negro returned with 
fire from the old camp and, not unlike a com^ueror in an- 
cient times, returning laden with trophies, he was hailed 
with shouts of joy. The fire was built and the party 
dried themselves and awaited the king of day. The In- 
dians stole a Negro from ]\Ialone, for the return of whom 
he gave his watch . 

In the year ISK), the three counties In ing within the 
present State of Alabama — Madison, A\'ashington and Bal- 
wiu — contained a white population of 6,422 and 2,624 Ne- 
groes, more than half of whom were in ]\fadison. 

The Negro has played his part in the Creek Indian war. 
Two Negro slaves were the ones to report to the settlers 
that the Indians were making their advance upon Fort 
Mims, August 30, 1813. For the information they gave 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 199 

they were disbelieved and flogged. A Negro woman was 
the first survivor to reach Fort Stoddart, eighteen miles 
away, that night with news of the disaster of Fort Mims. 
A Negro named Ciesar, was a participant in the canoe 
fight of 1813, It was he that rowed the boats for the 
crew. In December, 1814, at the battle of Econachaca, in 
the northern part of Lowndes, some Negroes were left 
dead on the field, as well as others. 



CHAPTER IT. 



The Negro in Alabama as a State. 

The first constitution of the State, 18J9, recognized and 
protected Negro slavery. The population of the State, in 
1820, was as follows: Whites, 85,451; Negroes, 42,450. 
There were about 200 free Negroes at that time. 

The free negro, be it remembered, had to have some 
white man to rej)reseut him at law. 

In 1830 the population of the State contained 117,549 
slaves; 1,572 free Negroes, In 1840, there were 253,532 
slaves; 2,049 free Negroes. In 1850 there were 334,844 
slaves; 2,265 free Negroes. In 1860, there were 435,580 
slaves; 2,690 free Negroes. 

The General Assembly, in the winter ot 1862, passed an act 
authorizing the Governor to impress slaves to provide for 
the public safety. Colonel Streight reported of General 
Dodge that his army, iu its raid through North Alabama, 
among other property carried off 1,500 Negroes. Because 
of its importance to the Negro race, and as worthy of re- 
membrance, we will insert a copy of an act of the General 
Assembly respecting Negro help in the war: ; 



200 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

EXECUTIVE DEPRTMENT, 

Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 21, 1861. 
Geo. X. Gilvier, Esq., TaUassee, Ala. 

Sir: Ou the 31st of January, 1861, the lollowing Act 
was passed by the General Assembly of the State of Ala- 
bama, to-wit : 

"An Act to accept the services of certain patriotic citi- 
zens. 

"Section 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That the Governor be, 
and is hereby authorized to accept to such an extent as he 
may deem necessary the proffered services of Negro men 
tendered by Geo. N. Gilmer, of Tallassee, Tallapoosa 
county, Joel E. Matthews, of Dallas county, and Alexan- 
der Davidson and his neighbors, of Perry county, and of 
persons who have made or hereafter make similar olTers to 
aitl, as may be necessary, in defending and protecting the 
State. 

"Sec. 2. Be it further enacted. That during the time 
said Negroes are employed in the service of the State, and 
while traveling to and from the place of such service, the 
Governor is authorized to pay necessarj' expenses of trav- 
eling and provisions, out of whatever amount may be or 
has been appropriated for the military defense of the State. 

"Approved, January 31, 1861." 

A. B. MooKE. 

It is said that about three regiments of Negroes joined 
tha Union forces during their occupation of North Ala- 
bama, and during their raid through the State. About 
800 Negroes joined General Wilson's army at Selma. 

A part from going to the war as constructionists on the 
fortifications, Negro men saw much ot service, as attend- 
ants upon the person of their owners. "When the master 
was killed, the slave would take his body and accompany 
it home, in many instances. 

The slaves were encouraged to attend church on the 
Sabbath. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 201 

There was a police system, called patroling, which was 
regulated by law. Slaves found away from the premises 
to which they belonged were required to present a pass. 
If they happened to be without a pass, except on the way 
to church or to work, the slaves were punished, the law 
describing the exact penalty. Although contrary to law, 
many slaves learned to read and write, and many a one 
wrote his own pass, when he desired to go abroad without 
the knowledge or consent of his master. 

The tie of affection between the owner and the slaves 
was a silver cord that has come down to the present time, 
and has caused the amelioration of the condition of many 
a Negro, The apparent passing away of this good feeling 
is the regret of all good people. 

Many a colored woman that has, even to day, much 
grace of movement and courtly bearing, has learned the 
same from the ^'big house," as the master's residence was 
called. Many a one that is an adept in artistic design had 
her fingers taught in those days. 

Xegro men were taught trades, in very many instances, 
and that good trades, which knowledge has been the 
foundation of much prosperity on tbe part of those very 
ones and their posterity. Since those days there has 
been a decline in the learning of trades. 

The slave did not have to provide for himself and fami- 
ly, and hence, the Negro does not rightly know and ap- 
preciate the morrow 

Prior to 1865 it is said that the disease, called consump- 
tion, was unknown among the Negroes. Since that time 
we all know how alarmingly this disease has taken hold of 
the Negio. The causes and the remedies for this and 
other things belong to another sphere than that of history. 
Slavery was not Avithout its evils; but it has brought much 
good to the Negro, 

In the war between the North and the South, the Ne- 
groes were of much service. Most of the able bodied men 
being in the war, the care of those left behind devolved 



202 HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

upon the Negro, to a large extent, and be it said, to his 
credit, that liistory records no case where any such one 
proved false to the trust. 



CHAPTER HI. 



The Negro as a Citizen 



On IMay 4, 180.5, Gon. Eichard Taylor surrendered to 
General Candy the military district of which Alabama 
was a part. From this time dates the actual freedom of 
the Negro. 

In the summer of J 805 agents of the National Govern- 
ment came to Montgomery and set np the Freedman's 
Bureau, to look after the welfare of the newly emancipated 
slaves, by establishing schools and churches for the Ne- 
groes. "Swayne College" in the city of Montgomery was 
given the colored people by this bureau and named in 
honor of General Swayue who had immediate command 
in INIontgomery. 

On May 4, J SO."), slavery came to an end by force of 
arms; iu September of the same year, by constitutional 
legislation. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed 
for adoption to Alabama, December 0, 1800. The Legisla- 
ture refused to ratify it. Jn 1808 the Amendment was 
adopted. This gave the Negro the right to vote and hold 
oflice. 

In the summer of 1807 there was a registration of the 
voters of the State. The board of registration consisted, 
each, of two white men and one Negro. The registered 
vote was 01,2t»."> whites and 104, .")18 Negroes. This regis- 
tration was preparatory to voting for the holding of a con- 
stitutional convention, which met in Novembe, 1867. 



HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 203 

There were seventeen N"egroes as members of this conveu- 
tion. There names were: 

Jst District — John Carraway and Ovide Gregory, of 
Mobile. 

()th District — Thomas Diggs, of Barbonr. 

7th District— B. F. Eoyal, of Bnllock. 

10th District— J. H. Bnrdick, of Wilcox. 

13th District — Washington Johnson, of Enssell. 

16th District — H, Stokes and J. Hatcher, of Dallas, 

17th District — J. Wright McLeod, of Marengo. 

18th District — Simon Brnnson and Benjaman Inge, of 
Sumter. 

19th District — Samuel Blaudon, of Lee. 

21st District — Thomas Lee, of Perry. 

22nd District — J. K. Green, of Hale; B. F. Alexander, 
of Greene. 

42nd District — LaFayette Eobinson and C. Jones, of 
Madison. 

43d District — J. T. Rapier, of Lauderdale. 

General George Meade, who succeeded General Pope in 
command at Montgomery, kept the polls open for five 
days. It should also be stated that General Julius Hey- 
den succeeded General Swayne. 

Governor Smith called the legislature to meet in July, 
1868. 

The following colored men served in the House in the 
sessions of 1868, 1869-70: 

Benjamin Alexander, of Greene; J. H. Alston, of Macon; 
Matt Avery, of Perry; Samuel Blandon, of Lee; N". A. 
Brewington, of Lowndes; John Carraway, of Mobile; 
George W. Cox, of Montgomery; Thomas Diggs, of Bar- 
bour; Joseph Drauu, of Dallas; J. K. Green, of Hale; 
Ovide Gregory, of Mobile; George Houston, of Sumter; 
Benjamin Inge, of Sumter; C. Jones, of Madison; G. S. 
W. Lewis, of Perrj-; David Low, of Barbour; Jeff Mc- 
Cally, of Madison; H. W. W. Eice, of Talhidega; James 
Shaw, of Mobile ; Lawrence S. Speed, of Bullock; Holland 



r 



2(»4 HISTOKV OF ALABAMA. 

Thompison, of Montgomery; William V. Turner, of El- 
more; Latty J. Williams, of ^Montgomery. 

Those that served in the House in the sessions of 1S70- 
71 and 1871-72: 

H. H. Craig, of ^Montgomery; A. H. Curtis, of Perry; 
Thomas Diggs, of Barbour; John Dozier, of Perry; Wil. 
liam D. Gaskin, of Lowndes; Ned Gee, of Dallas; J. K. 
Greene, of Hale; Jere Haialson. of Dallas; K. L. Johnson, 
of Dallas ; L. S. Speed, of JiuUock; Henry St. Clair, of 
Macon; Holland Thompson, of Montgomery; Mansfield 
Tyler, of Lowndes; Latty J. Williams, of Montgomery. 

Those serving in the House in 1872-73 and 1873-4: 

William V. Turner, of Elmore, Assistant Clerk; Phillip 
Joseph, of :\[obile. Engrossing Clerk; W. H. Council, of 
Huutsville, Assistant Engrossing Clerk; C, O. Harris, of 
:Montg()mery, Assistant Enrolling Clerk; Stepeu Russell, 
of ^Montgomery, Page; Thomas Ahercrombie, of Mont- 
gomery, Page; Kobert Cook, of Montgomery, Page. W. 
E. Carson, of Lowndes; T. J. Clark, of Barbour; Mentor 
Dotson, of Sumter; John Dozier, of Perry; Hales Ellsworth, 
of Montgomery; Samuel Fantroy, of Barbour; J. H. 
GoldsV)y, of Dallas; .1. K. Greene, of Hale; R. L. Johnson, 
of Dallas; Reuben Jones, of :Madison; G. S. W. Lewis, of 
Perry; Perry Matthews, of Bullock; January Maul, of 
Lowndes; G. R. Miller, of Russell; Willis ^Eerriweather, 
of Wilcox; S. J. Patterson, of Autauga; George Patterson, 
of^Iorgan; Robert Reid, of Sunjter; Bristo AV. Reese, of 
Hale; Lawrence S. Speed, of Bullock; Henry St. Clair, of 
Macon; Lawson Stelle, of Montgomery; F. H. Threat, of 
^Marengo; J. R. Treadwell, of Russell; Thomas Wjilker, of 
Dallas; E. A. Williams, of Barbour. L. J. Williams, of 
Montgomery. 

Names of those serving in the House in 1874-75 and 

187r)-7(): 

Klijah Baldwin, of Wilcox; W. H. Blevins, of Dallas; 
Matt Boyd, of Perry; H. V. Cashin, of Montgomery; Eli- 
jah Cook, of Montgomery; Chas. Fagau, of Montgomery; 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 205 

W. D. Gtiskin, of Lowndes, Captain Gilmer, of Mont- 
gomery; C. E. HarrisM, of Dallas; A. W. Johnson, of 
Macon; Sam Lee, of Lowndes; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perry; 
Jacob Martin, of Dallas; P. Matthews, of Bullock; Willis 
Merriweather, of Wilcox; G. Patterson, of Macon; Bristo 
W. Eeese, of Hale; Eobert Eeid, of Sumter; C. Smith, of 
Bullock; Manly Wynne, of Hale. 

Serving only in 1875-76, 

H. A. Carson, of Lowndes; E. W. Locke, of Wilcox, 
only 75-76; W. D Gaskin, of Lowndes, 1874-75 only. 

E'ames of those serving in the Senate 1872-74: 

Jere Haralson, of Dallas; J. W. Jones, of Lowndes; 
Lloyd Leftwich, of Greene; B. F. Eoyal, of Bullock. 

Names of those serving in the Senate 1874-75aud 1875-76: 

A. H. Curtis, of Perry; J. K, Green, of Hale; Jere 
Haralson, of Dallas; J. W. Jones, of Lowndes; Lloyd Left- 
wich, of Greene; B. F. Eoyal, of Fiullock. 

Jere Haralson was not returned in 75-76. 

Thomas Walker, at one time, was elected clerk of the 
circnit court of Dallas. 

Albert Boyd has served as tax assessor of Dallas county. 

E. B. Thomas was elected clerk of the criminal court, 
of Dallas, and, afterwards, served as Judge of the same. 

John B. Simpson has served as ^'high sheriff" of An- 
tauga county. 

Henry Boyd served as of one the county commissioners 
of Dallas. 

There were colored men in several towns in the State 
serving as ipolice. In Selma there is one Negro, Alex 
Carr, still on the force, since about 1869., 

Alabama has had three Negroes as representatives in 
Congress; namely, Benjamin F. Turner, of Dallas — Forty- 
second Congress, 1871-1873; James T. Eapier, of Lauder- 
dale— Forty -third Congress, 1873-1875; Jere Haralson, 
of Dallas— Forty- fourth Congress, 1875-1877. 

James T. Eapier has served as Internal Eevenue Collec- 
tor at Montgoraerv. 



20G HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

!Nr. H. Alexander, of Montgomery, has served as Receiver 
of Public ^Moneys at ^Montgomery. 

J. C. LeftwicL, of ^Montgomery, is noM' serving as Re- 
ceiver of Public Moneys at Montgomery. 

H. V. Cashin, of Decatur, is now serving as receiver of 
Public Moneys, at Huntsville. 

In 1870 only one Xegro was returned to the Legislature, 
and he was from ^fadison. 

The Constitutional Convention of 1875 had four Xegroes 
as members — H. A. Carson, of Lowndes; A. H. Cjirtis, of 
Perry; G. S. W. Lewis, of Perry; R. A. Long, of Wasing- 
ton county. 

Most of the religeous denominations among the colored 
people had their beginning in the white churches in slav- 
ery days. After the close of the war the different denomi- 
nations of the whites set up Xegro chiu'ches of their res- 
pective faiths, and nursed these new plants till they be- 
came able to look after their own affairs. 

The Baptist State Convention was organized in 1868, at 
Montgomery, Rev. Xathan Ashaby, first President. 

What is now the Xational Raptist Convention was or- 
ganized in Montgomery in 1880, Rev. W. H. McAlpine, 
D. D., first President. 

Selma University, an institution owned and controlled 
by the colored Baptists, was founded in 1878. It has had 
the following Presidents : H. Woodsmall (white), W. H. 
McAlpine, E. M. Brawley, C. L. Puree, C. S. Dinkins. 

The Baptist membership is 183,024, with about 1,833 
churches. 

The Congregational church followed a school of the 
American Missionary Association, located at Tallanega, in 

1867. The first church was organized at Talladega, in 

1868. In 187(), the State organization of this denomina- 
tion was formed. There are twenty-two churches holding 
membership in the State body, and several in the Tennes- 
see \'alley holding membership in the Tennessee State 
body. There are about 3,000 members. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 207 

' At the head of their educational worli: of the State i8 Tal- 
ladega College, founded iu 1867. 

The A. M. E. Church has a membership of 87,253; 
churches, 537. There are 502 ministers and 37 parsonages. 

The church school, for the Stale, is Paine University, 
located at Selma. This is a comparatively young school, 
with good prospects. 

The Alabama State Teachers' Association was organized 
in 1882. 

SCHOOLS. 

The Kegroes have many schools worthy of note. Of 
these are the following: 

Talladega College, established 1867, is known by its 
good work. 

State Normal, at Montgomery, established at Marion, 
1873, has an interesting history and long service. 

The Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, at Tus- 
kegee, established 1881. This school is said to be the 
largest of its kind in the world. Prof. Washington has a 
reputation that is both national and international. He 
needs no introduction to the public. 

The A. & M. College for colored, at Normal, near Hunts- 
ville, established 1875. This school is supported by the 
State and the Morrill Fund from the general government. 
Prof. Councill, who has been President since the school's 
establishment, with the exception of one term, has placed 
his name among those who are well known for something 
accomplished. 

Selma University, Colored Baptist State College, at 
Selma, established 1878, is the pride of Alabama Baptists. 

Paine University, A. M. E. College for the State, at 
Selma. 

Central Alabama Academy, at Huntsville. 

There are good high schools at the following places : 
Calhoun Industrial School, at Calhoun; an A. M. A. School 
at Marion; the Barbour Institute, for girls, at Anniston; 



20S HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 

the Anniston Normal and In<lustrial School ; a high school 
at Kowaliga ; a high school at Miller's Ferry; an iadus- 
trial school at Snow Hill; a sumnier normal at Xixburg; 
Knox Academy, at Selma; a high school at Cotton A'alley; 
a high school at Nat; a high school at Athens; a high 
school at Joppa ; a high school at Mobile ; an iudnstrial 
school for girls, at Montgomery; the People's Village 
school, Mt. Meigs; the Mt. Meigs Institute, Wangh ; a 
high school at Thonjasville; the Stilman Institute, at 
Tuscaloosa. 

It has been about twenty-five years since the Negro was 
a factor in the politics of the State. Of course, his acend- 
ency from 1868 to 1876 was, in a large measure, abnormal. 
In the interval he has given of his strength to religion and 
industrial pursuits; and has, in very many cases, accumu- 
lated a decent competency. 

In 1898, the Negro was agaiu called to serve his country 
in war. In response to the call for volunteers to the 
Spanish- American War, Alabama promptly raised a troop 
of soldiers, which was increased to a regiment later, known 
as the Third Alabama. Down to the present time, there 
have been two colored troops commissioned as State Militia, 
one at Mol)ile. the other at Montgomery. 

In Birmingham is the well known Negro banking insti- 
tution — the Penny Savings Bank — organized in 1890, and 
incorporated 1895. It owns the banking house No. .'U9 
Twentieth Street. Othcers : W. E. Pettiford, President; 
Peter F. Clarke, Vice-President; B. H. Hudson, Cashier. 

The Colored M. E. Church, in this State, has two con- 
ferences, abouut 100 ministers. It has 12,000 members, 
and 180 churches. The value of church property is 
$15,000. The State School of this church is the Alabama 
Conference Academy, located at Huutsville. 

Hobson City^ a Negro incorporated town, is in Calhoun 
county, adioining Oxford. It has all colored officers. It 
is said to be very law abiding, for there is only about one 
arrest a month. 

(Statistics lioni otiicr cluirches could not be had.) 



STATE OFFICERS. 



GOVERNOKS. 



Governor of thk Territory: 
William Wyatt Bibb, 1817. 

GOVERNOHS OF THE StATE: 

William Wyatt Bibb, 1819. 
Thomas Bibb, 18:20. 
Israel Pickens, 1821. 
John INIuiphv, 1825. 
Gabriel Moore, 1829. 
Samuel B. Moore, 1831. 
John (4ayle, 1831. 
Clement C. Clay, 1835. 
Hugh McVay, 1837. 
Arthur P. Bagby, 1837. 
Benjamin Fitspatriek, 1841. 
Joshua L. Martin, 1845. 
Reuben Chapman, 1847. 
Henry W. Collier, 1849. 
John A. AVinston, 1853. 
Andrew B. Moore, 1857. 
John Gill Shorter, 18(51. 
Thomas H. Watt, 18(i3. 

(Interregnum of two mouths. 



Lewis E. Parsons, 1865, (appoint- 
ed by the President of the 
United States.) 

Robert Miller Patton,1865. (Gov- 
ernor Patton held office for 
seven months longer than his 
term, because a successor to 
him was not elected.) 

William H. Smith. 1868, (under 
Reconstruction Acts of Con- 
gress.) 

Robert B. Lindsay, 1870. 

David P. Lewis, 1872. 

George S. Houston, 1874. 

R. W. Cobb, 1878. 

Edward A. O'Neal, 1882. 

Thomas Seay, 1886. 

Thomas G. Jones, 1890. 

William C. Gates, 1894. 

Joseph F. Johnston, 1896. 

William J. Samford, ISOO. 

W. D. Jelks, 1901. 



LIE! TENANT GOVERNORS. 

(The ottice of Lieutenant Governor was created by the Constitu- 
tion of 1867 and abolished bv the Constitution of 1875.) 



A. J. Applegate, 1868. 
Edward H. Moren, 1870. 



Alexander McKiiistry, 1872. 
Robert F. Ligou, 1874. 



SECRETARIES OF STATE. 



Henry Hitchcock (Territorial Sec- 
retary.) 
Thomas A. Rodgers, 1819. 
James J. Pleasants, 1822. 
James I. Thornton, 1824. 
Edmund A. Webster, 1834. 
Thomas B. Tunstall, 1836. 
William Garrett, 1840. 
Vincent M. Ben ham, 1852. 
James H. Weaver, 1856, 
Patrick H. Brittan, 1860. 
Albert Elmore, 1865. 
David L. Dalton, 1865-67. 
:SIicah Taul, 1867. 



Charles A. ^Miller, 1868 (under 
Reconstruction Acts of Con- 
gress). 

.labez J. Parker, 1870. 

Patrick Ragland, 1872. 

Neander H. Rice, 1873. 

Rufus K. Bovd 1874. 

W. W. Screws, 1878. 

Ellis Phelan, 1882. 

C. C. Langdon. 1886. 

Joseph D. Barron, 1890. 

.lames K. Jackson, 1894. 

Robert P. McDavid, 1898. 



210 



HISTOKY OF ALABAMA. 



STATE TREASURERS. 



Jack Ferrell Ross, 1819. 

John ('. Perrv, 1822. 

Hardin Perkins, 1829. 

William Haw ii, 1834. 

Saniuel (t. Frierson, 1840. 

William Graham,, 184(). 

Duncan B. Graham, 18()0. 

L. P. Saxon, 18<i.5. 

Arthur Hinj^ham, 1848 (under 
Reconstruction Acts of Con- 
gress) . 



James F. Grant, 1870. 

Arthur Bingham, 1872. 

Daniel Crawford. 1874. 

I. H. Vincent, 1878. 
! Frederick H. Smith, 1884. 
1 John L. Cobb, 1888. 

J. Craitr Smith. 1892. 

(Tcortie W. Ellis, 1896. 
i J. Craifj Smith, 1900. 



STATE COMPTROLLERS, OR AUDITORS. 



Samuel Pickens. 1819. 
George \V. <:rabb,"1829. 
Jefferson C. Van Dyke, 1836. 
Joel Riggs, 1848. 
William J. (ireen, 1855. 
M. A. Chisholm, I860. 
R. M. Reynolds, 1868 (under Re- 
construction Acts of. Congress.) 



Robert T. Smith, 1872. 
Willis Brewer, 1876. 
J. INI. Carmichael, 1880. 
M. C. Burke. 1884. 
Cyrus D. Hogue, 1888. 
John Purifov, 1892. 
Walter S. White. 1896. 
Thomas L. Sowell, 1800. 



A ITO KNEYS-GENERAL. 



Henry Hitchcock, 1819. 
Thomas White, 182H. 
Constatitine Perkins, 1825. 
Peter Martin, 1832. 
A. B. Meek, 1886. 
John D. Phelan, 1886. 
Lincoln Clark, 1888. 
Matthew W. liindsav, 1889. 
Thomas D. Clarke. 1848. 
William H. Martin, August, 1847. 
Marion A. Baldwin' 1847. 



John W. A. Sanford, 1865. 
Joshua Mor.'je, 1868. 
John W. A. Sanford, 1870. 
Benjamin Gardner, 1872. 
John W. A. Sanford, 1874. 
H. C. Thompkins. 1878. 
T. N. xMcClellan, 1884. 
William L. .Alartin, 1890. 
William C. Fitts. 1894. 
Charles G. Brown, 1898. 



SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



(This office was created in 1854 ) 



William F. Perrv. 1854. 
CJabriel B. du Val, 1858. 
W. C. Allen, 1864. 
John B.Tavlor, 1865. 
John B. Kvan, 1866. 
N. B Clnvid, 1S68. 
Josei)h Hodgson, 1870. 
Joseph H. Speed, 1872. 



John M. McKleroy, 1874. 
Leroy F. Bo.\, 1876. 
H. C'. Armstrong, 1880. 
Solomon Palmer. 1884. 
John G. Harris. 1890. 
John (). Turner, 1894. 
John W. Abercrombie, 1898. 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 



211 



COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTUKE. 

(This office was created in 18SS and made elective in 1891. 

Edward C. Betts. 188B. 1 1. F. Culver, 1896. 

R. F. Kolh, 1887. ' R. R. Poole, 1900. 

HecterD. Lane, 1891; elected 1892 i 



JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT. 

Until 1832 the Supreme Court was composed of the judges of the 
Circuit Court setting collectively. 



Chief Justices: 

Clement C. Clay, 1820. 
Abner S. Lipscomb, 1823. 
Reuben Saflold, 1835. 
Henry Hitchcock, 1836. 
Arthur F. Hopkins, 1836. 
Henry W. (U)Ilier,1837. 
Edward S. Dargan, 1849. 
William P. Chilton, 1852. 
George Goldthwaite, 1856. 
Samuel F. Rice, 1856. 
Abram J. Walker, 1859. 
Elisha W. Peck, 1868. 
Thomas M. Peters, 1873. 
R. C. Brickell, 1874. 
George G. Stone, 1884. 
R. C. Brickell, 1894. 
Thos. N. McClellan, 1898, 

Justices : 

Clement C. Clay, 1819. 
A beer S. Lipscomb, 1819. 
Henry W: Webb, 1819 
Richard Ellis, 1819 
Reuben Saflord, 1819 
Henry Minor, 1823 
Johu'Gavle, 1823 
John White, 1825 
John M. Tavlor, 1825 
Sion L. Perrv. 1828 . 
Eli Shortridge, 1828 
Henry VV. Collier, 1828 
Harrv I. Thorutou, 1833 
Henry Hitchcock, 1835 
Arthur F. Hopkins, 1836 
Henrv W. Collier, 1886 



Henry Goldthwaite, 1836. 
Arthur F. Hopkins, 1836. 
John J. Ormond, 1837. 
Clement C. Clay, 1843. 
Henry Goldthwaite, 1843. 
Edward S. Dargan, 1847. 
William P. Chilton, 1847. 
Silas Parsons, 1849. 
Daniel Coleman, 1851. 
David G. Ligou, 1851. 
George Goldthwaite, 1852. 
John D. Phelau, 1852. 
Lyman Gibbous, 1852. 
Samuel F. Rice, 1855. 
Abram J. Walker, 1856. 
George W. Stone. 1856. 
Richard W. Walker, 1859. 
John D. Phelan, 1864. 
William McKindree Byrd, 1866. 
Thomas J. Judge, 1866. 
Thomas M. Peters, 1868. 
Benjamin F. Saflold, 1868. 
R. C. Brickell, 1873. 
Thomas J. Judge, 1874. 
Amos R. Manning, 1874. 
George W. Stone, 1876. 
H. M. Somerville, 1880. 
David Clopton, 1884. 
T. N. McClellan, 1889. 
Thomas VV. Coleman, 1890. 
Richard W. Walker, 1891. 
VV. S. Thoriugtou, 1892. 
J. B. Head, 1892. 
Jonathan Haralson, 1892. 
John R.Tyson, 1898. 
Henry A. Sharp, 1898. 
James R. Dowdell, 1898. 



212 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA. 
SENATORS IN CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

William H. Kint;, 1819-1844. 
John W. Walker, IS19-1822. 
William Kellev, 182^-1825. 
Heury ('liambers, 1825-1826. 
Israel Pickens, APril 10-Dec. 21, 

1826. 
Jolm Mc-Kinley, 1826-18H1. 
(jiabriel Moore* 1881-1887. 
Clement C. ('lav, 1887-1841. 
Arthur P. Jiagl.v, 1841-1848. 
William H. KinV, 1848-18.58. 
Di.xon Hall Lewis, 1844-1848. 
Benjamin Fitsi)atri('k, 1848-1849. 
Jeremiah Clemens, 1849-1858. 
Clement C. Clav, 18531 withdrew) 

1861. 



Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 1858( with- 
drew! 1861. 

(ieorge 8. Houston, 1865. Elect- 
ed, but not seated. 

Lewis K. Parsons, 1865. Elected, 
but not seated. 

John A. Winston, 1867. Elect- 
ed, but not sealed. 

Willard Warner, 18(!8- 1871. 

George K. Si)encer, 18t)8-1879. 

(ie<)ru;e (Joldthwaiie, 1872-1877. 

John T. Morgan, 1877-. 

George S. Houston, 1879-1888. 

James L. Pugh, 1888-1897. 

Edmund Winston Pettus, 1897-. 



CONFEDERATES STATES SENATORS. 



William L. Yancy, 1861-1868. 
Clement Clay, 1862-1864. 



Robert Jemison, 1868-1865. 
Richard W. Walker, 1864-1865 



REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 



Sixteenth Congress, 1819-1821. 

John Crowell. 

Seventeenth Congre.ss, 1821-1828. 

Gabriel Moore. 

Eighteenth Congress, 1828-1825. 

John McKee, Gabriel Moore, Cieo 
W. Owen. 

Nineteenth Congress, 1825-1827. 

John McKee, CJabriel Moore, (Jeo 
W. Owen. 

Twentieth Congress, 2827-1829. 

John Mclvee, (labriel Moore, Geo 
W. Owen. 

Twenty-lirst Congress; 1829-1H81. 

Robert K. B. Jiaylor, Clement C. 
Clay, Di.xon H. Lewis. 

Twenty-second Congress, 1881- 
1888. 

Clement C. Clay, Di.xou H. Lew- 
is, Samuel W. Mardis. 

Twenty-third Congress, 18,58-1885 

C. C. Clay, Dixon H. Lewis( 
Samuel W. Mardis, John .Mc- 
Kinley, John Murphy. 

Twenty'-tourtii Congress, 1885- 
1887. 



Reuben Chapman, Joab Lawler. 
Dixon H. Lewis, Joshua L. 
Mariin. FrancisS. Lyon. 

Twenty-lifth Congress,' 1887-1889. 

Reuben Chapman, Joab Jjaw ler 
(1887-1888), George W. Crabb 
(1888-1839), Dixon H. Lewis, 
Joshua L. .Martin, Fraiicis S. 
Lvon. 

Twenty-sixth Congress, 1889-1841 

Reuben Chapman, (Jeorge W. 
Crabb, James Dellet, David 
Hubbard, Dixon H. l^ewis. 

Twenty-seventh Congress, 1841- 
1843."^ 

Reuben Chaiunan, Geo. S. Hous- 
ton, Dixon H. Ijewis, William 
W. Payne, lienj. D. Shields. 

Twenty-eighth Congress, 1843- 
1845.' 

James E. Reiser. Reuben Chap- 
man, James Dellet, George S. 
Houston, Dixon H. Ijewis (to 
1H44), F. G. McConnell, W. 
W. Pavne, William L. Yancey 
(1844.)" 



HISTORY OF ALABAMA, 



213 



REPRESENTATIVES TN CONGRESS-Continued. 



Twenty-Ninth ("ONORESS, 1845- 
18-17. 

Reuben Chapiuau. Edward S. 
Dargan, Heury W. Hilliard, 
G. S. Houston ,"F. G. MeC'on- 
uell, W. W. Payne, W. L. 
Yancey ^to 1846), Fraukliu VV. 
Bowdon, (1846), James L. F. 
Cottreil (1846). 

Thiktikth Congress, 1847-1849. 

Franklin W. Bowdon, W. R. W. 
Cobb, Jobn Gayle, Sampson 
W. Harris, Henry W. Hilliard, 
(leorge S. Houston, Samuel W. 
Inge. 

Thirty-fikst Congress, 1849- 
1851. 

W. J. Alston, Fraukliu W. Bow- 
don, W. R. W. Cobb, S. W. 
Harris, H. W. Hilliard, David 
Hubbard, S. W. Inge. 

Thirty-second Congress, 1851- 
1858. 

James Abercrombie, John Bragg, 
VV. R. W. Cobb, S. VV. Harris, 
G. S. Houston. VV. R. Smith, 
Alexander White. 

Thirty-third Congress, 1853- 
1855. 

James Abercrombie, W. R. W. 
Cobb, James F. Dowdeli, S. W. 
Harris, George S. Houston, 
Philip Phillips, William R. 
Smith. 

Thi rty-fourth Congress, 1855- 
1857. 

W. R. W. Cobb, James F. Dow- 
dell, S. \V. Harris, George S. 
Houston, Eli S. Shorter, Wil- 
liam R. Smith, Percy Walker. 

Thirtv-kifth Congress, 1857- 
1859. 

W. R. W. Cobb, Jabez li. M. 
Curry, James F. Dowdell, Geo. 
S. Houston, Sydenham Moore, 
Eli S. Shorter, James A. Stall- 
worth. 

THIRTY-SrXTH CONGRESS, 1859- 

1861. 
David Clopton, W. R. W. Cobb, 
Jabez L. M. Curry, George S. 
Houston, Sydenham Moore, 
James L. Pugh, James A. Stall- 
worth. 



(Alabama was not represented in 

the Thirty-seventh or the 

Thirty-eighth Congress. 

Thirty-ninth Congress, 1865- 
1867. 

(Representatives elected in the 
Reconstruction period, but de- 
nied seats.) Charles C. Lang- 
don, George C. Freeman, Cul- 
len A. Battle. Joseph W. Tav- 
lor, Burwell T. Pope, Thomas 
J. Foster. 

Fortieth Congress, 1867-1869. 

F. W. Kellogg, Charles W. Buck- 
ley. Benjamin W. N orris, 
Charles W. Pierce, John B. 
Callis, T h o in a s Haughey. 
(These took their seats in 1868.) 

Forty-First Congress, 1869- 
1871. 

Alfred E. Buck, Charles W 
Buckley. Robert S. Heflin, 
Charles Hays, Peter M. Dox, 
W. C. Sherrod. 

Fohty-second Congress, 1871- 
1878. 

Benjamin F. Turner, Charles W. 
Buckley, William A. Handley, 
Charles Hays, Peter M. Dox, 
Joseph H. Sloss. 

Forty-third Congress, 1873-1875. 

F. G. Bromberg^^L T. Rapier, C. 
Pelham, Chas^Hays, John H. 
Caldwell. Joseph H. Sloss, Al- 
exander White, C. C. Sheats. 

Forty-fourth Congress, 1875-1877 

W. H. Forney, B. B. Lewis,' J. 
(Haral.-on, J. H. Caldwell, J. !N. 
Williams, Taul Bradford, C.- 
Hays. G. W. Hewitt. 

Forty-fifth Congress, 1877-1879. 

James T. Jones, Hilary A. Her- 
bert, J. N. Williains, C. M. 
Shelley, Robert F. Ligon, G. 
W. Hewitt, William H. For- 
ney, William VV. Garth. 

Forty-sixth Congress, 1879- 
1881. 

Thos. H. Herndou, Hilary A. 
Herbert, William J. Sam'ford, 
Charles M. Shelley, Thomas 
Williams, B. B. Lewis, Wil- 
liam H. Forney, William M. 
Lowe. 



•2\l 



inSTOTn' OF ALABAMA, 



REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS— Continued. 



FORTY-SKVENTH CONGRESS, 1881- 

188S. 

Thomas II. Heiudou, Hilary A. 
lleihert. William ( '. Oates, C. 
M. Sht'llev, Thomas Williams, 
(jf. W. Hewiti, William H. 
Forney, Joseph Wheeler. 

Forty-eiijhth ConK'fS!^, 18SS-188.J. 

James T. Jones, Hilary A. Her- 
hert, William C. Oates, C. M. 
Shelley, Tlioiiias Williams, (t. 
W. Hewitt, William H. For- 
ney, Luke Pryor. 

Forty-ninth Coiitirress, 188o-1887. 

James T. Jone*, Jlilary A. Her- 
hert. William C. Oates, A. C. 
Davidson. T. W. Sadler. J. M. 
Martin, William H. Forney, 
Josei)h Wheeler. 

Fiftieth Congress, 1887-1889. 

James T. Jones, Hilary A. Her- 
bert, William C. Oates, A. C. 
Davidson, James K. Cobb, Jno 
H. JJankhead, Wni. H. Forney, 
Josei)h Wheeler. 

Kirty-lirst Congress, 1889-1891. 

Kieiiard Clarke, Hilary A. Her- 
bert, William C. Oates, John 
V. ^NFcDunie (in jilace of Ijouis 
W. Turpin, unseated i, James 
E. Cobb, J. H. Uankhead, Wil- 
liam H. Forney, Jos. Wheeler. 

Kitty-second Congress, 1891-1893. 

Riehard H. Clarke, Hilary A. 
Herbert, William C. dates, 
Louis W. Turpin, Jas E. Cobb, 
J. IF Bankhead. William H. 
Fornev, Joseph Wheeler. 

Fifty-third Conuress, lN9;'.-l.S9o. 

R. il. Clarke, Jisse F. Stallings, 
William C. Oates, Oaston A. 
Robbius, James E. Cobb, J. H. 



Bankhead, W. H. Denson, Jo- 
seph Wheeler. Ij. W. Turpin. 

Fifty-fourth Congress, 189.5-1897. 

R. il. Clarke, J. F. Stallings, 
George P. Harrison, William 
F. Aldrieh ito succeed Gaston 
A. I{obbins, unseated in 1896), 
A.T. Goodwyn (to succeed J. 
E. Cobb, un'seated in 1896), 
John H. Bankhead, 'SI. W. 
Howard, Joseph Wheeler, Os- 
car W. Underwood. 

Fifty-fifth Cohgre.ss, 1897-1899. 

George W. Taylor. J. F. Stall- 
ings, Henry 1). t'layton, W. F. 
Aldrich(iii placeofT. S. Plow- 
man, unseated in 1H98), Willis 
lirewer, John H. Bankhead, 
M. W.Howard, Jos. Wheeler, 
O. W. Underwood. 

o(Uh Congress, 1,S99-I901, Geo W. 
Taylor, J. F. Stallings, Henry 
D." Clayton, (;. A. Hobbin.s, 
Willis Brewer, J. H. iiank- 
head, John L. Burnett, Joseph 
Wheeler, O. W. Underwood. 

CONSTIT L'TIOX A L C( >N VEXTIOXS. 

Convention of 1819 — John W. 

Walker, President. 
Convention of IfSGl — William M. 

Brooks, President. 
Convention of 186.5 — Benjamin 

Fit/.pa trick. President. 
Convention of 1867 — E. W. Peck, 

President. 
Convention of 187-5 — Leroy Pope 

Walker, President. 

Convention of 1901 — John 1>. 
Knox, President. 



IN CONFEDERATE CONGRESS. 



William P. Chilton, 1861-186.5. 
J, L. M. Curry, l,S(il-1864. 
Thomas Fearn, 1861. 
David Lewis. 1861. 
Stephen F. Hale, 1861-1862. 
Henry C. Jones, 1861. 
Colin'j. McRae, 1861-1862. 
John (t. Shorter, 1861-1,862. 
liobert 11. Smith, l.stil- 1,862. 
Richard W. Walker, 1861-1862. 
Cornelius Robinson, 1861-1862. 



Nicholas Davis. 1861-1862. 
Edwards. Dargan, 1862-1864. 
John P. Ralls. 1862-1864. 
David Clopton, 1862-1865. 
Tliomas J. Foster, 1862-186.5. 
Francis S. I^von, 1862-1865. 
James L. Pugh. 1862-1865. 
William R. Smith, 1862-1865. 
Marcus D. Cruikshank, 1864-1865. 
James S. Dickinson, 1864-1865. 



Alakiiia k M Coked MmiM 

Selma, Alabama. 



ITS OBJECTS. 

It was fonuded iu 1878 by the Colored Baptists of Ala- 
bama for the trainiug of preachers, teachers, and Sunday 
school workers, This object has been kept steadily in 
view from the begiuniug of the institution until the present. 
The demand to-day for competent preachers and teachers 
is greater than ever before. 

SOME RESULTS. 

Many graduates and undergraduates are scattered through 
this and other states helping along various lines to lift up 
the race and humanity — preachers propagating the gospel, 
teachers carrying the light of education into the dark 
places, doctors removing the ills that aftlict humanity, 
lawyers defending the oppressed, brave husbands and lov- 
ing wives exerting wholesome influence in their commiiui- 
ties. By the pen and voice our students are doing a 
mighty work for the world. Xot a community in tiie 
State has not been blessed by the beneficent iuHuence con- 
stantly igoing forth from the Institution. Its graduates 
have been remarkably successful in the ministr}-, in the 
school room, on the platform, in medicine, iu law, and in 
business. 

ITS FACULTY. 

The Institution has an able and experienced corps of 
teachers, who are graduates from Northern and Southern 
institutions. I'uder the faculty students receive carefitl 
training. Tv\'o things are aimed at : 1. Moral discipline. 
2. The habit of thinking. Books are only means to bring 
out this result. 



()\\ XKIiSHII' A XI) MAXAGKMKXT. 

The property, couisisting of thirty acres and three build - 
iugs, cue of which is a large foiir-story brick building 
40x120 feet, is owued by the Alabama Baptist State Cou 
vention and manajicd by a Board of Trustees elected by 
and from that body. Jt is chartered by the Legislature. 

DEPARTMENTS. 

1. lil'PDKAUV. 

1. Piiniary. 2. Intermediate. ;>. Preparatory. 

1. Xoruial. 5. College. 

11. Thkoi,(m;[C'ai,. 

1. I>il)lc Training. 2. l^uglish Course. ."). Classical 

Course. 

III. MUHICAU' 

1. Instrumental. 2. X'ocal. 

1\'. Industrial. 
1. Sewing. 2. Cooking. ;>. Printing. 

TEKMS. 

Board, furnished room, and luel. per moidh 8 7.00 

Tuitiou 1.00 

Instrumental music 1.00 

Vocal Free. 

Washing (iOc. to 70c. per month. 

Those who wish, may work out one or two dollars per 
month without interfeiing with their studies. 

Pastors of churches can obtain board foi- K^JA) j)er 
month. Tuition for all ministerial students free. 

C. S. DIXKINS, I>IM::SI])KNT, 

Selma, Alabama. 



TALLADEGA .-. COLLEGE 

For the Higher Education 
of the Negro .... 

Department of Theology. The College, with Classical 
and Scientific Courses. The Normal Department. 
The Preparatory Schools. Music. Industrial 
Training. 




Beautiful Location, 

Healthful Climate, 
Superior Facilities for Instruction. 

EXPENSES VERY MODERATE 

Graduates are Occupying Prominent 
Positions in Eighteen States and 
Territories and in Africa. 



For further information, address 

THE PRESIDENT, 

Talladega, Ala. 



THE 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 

Ror 

COLORED STUDENTS, 

Montgomery, Alabama. 



ORGANIZED 



111 1878, being the llrst seliool established b.v a .Southern State for 
t lie higher education of the colored lace. 

OBJECTS. 

To educate competent teachers for the Public Schools and to pre- 
pare young men and women for leader** in the elevation of 
tlie race. 

AIMS. 
To develop each student as an individual to his utmost capacity 
in his physical, mental audt moral nature. 

CLAIMS. 

Thoroughness in its work, as shown by the success of its stU(Jents 
in competitive examinations, and by the success of its 800 
graduates. 

ADVANTAGES. 

Thorough English education with ^Lnnuai Training as the basis 
of future professional and industrial success. As cheap as any 
school of the kind in the State. Tuition Free. 

For further information, correspontl w ith 

W. B. PATERSON, 

President, 
Montgomery, . . Alabama. 



ERRATA. 



Pn^e 2. line next last— "1840" should In- lo40. 
PajJ:e 12, line 15 — 'a large part" should be the Soiitheni parts, 
Pa.ii;e IJi, Hue 32, and elsewhere— ''Beloxi" should lie P>iloxi. 
Page 38, line 26— "1818" should be 181:L 
Pagje oo, line 21 — "devolved" should be was placed. 
Page 62, heading chap, xvi— "John" should be Joshua L. 
Page 64, line 10, and elsewhere— "Franeis F. Lyons" should be 
Francis S. Lyon. 

Page 65, line 13, and elsewhere— " withdrew" should be, remained 
but did not vote for candidates. 

Page 65, line 18— "to succeed Senator Bagby" should be to suc- 
<*eed Lewis as Representative in 18i5. 

Page 71 line 24 — "Bartow" should be Barton. 
Page 71 line 33— "William T." should be William F. 
Page 72, line 12— "1854" should be 1853. 

Page 75, line 6— "annual to biennial" should be biennial t > 
annual. 

Page 75, line 15 — "twenty millions" should be forty-live millions. 
Page 78, line 4 — "secretary" should be assistant secretary. 
Page 79, line 8— "Lieutenant-Ueneral Joseph Wheeler" should 
be Major-General Joseph Whesler. 

Page 79, line 13— "Brigadier-General W. W. Allen" should be 
Major-General W. W. Allen 

Page 87, line 11 — "in this administration" should be omitted. 

Page 87, line 13— "1868" should be 1867. 

Page 88, line 2— "Peok" should l>e Peck. 

Page 94, line 19— "Ijieutenant-Governor" should be dJovernor. 

Page 115, line 28— "Stones" should be Jones. 

Page 120, line 7, and elsewhere— "Richard" sboiMd be Richmond 

Page li3, line 28— "12th" should be 11th. 

Page 155, hue 16— ••'872" should be 810. 

Page 163. line 23— "650" should be 600. 

Page 164, last line— "960" should be 1140. 

Page 168, line 5— "650" should be 725. 

Page 170, line 8— "540" should be 600. 

Page 172, Hne 29— "810" should be 760. 

Page 174, line 15 — "Green Ford" should be Green Pond. 

Page 181, line 7— "740" should be 800. 

Page 184, line 28— "930" should be 600. 

Page 188, line 14— "1854" should be 1824. 

Page 122, lii\e 2— "Lee county" should be Georgia. 



.-^'31 



